Effect of Microwave Power and Extraction Time on Crude Palm Oil Quality Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process
The aim of this study is to evaluate microwave-assisted extraction at several microwave power and extraction time in extracting oil palm products, such as crude palm oil (CPO) and palm fatty acid (PFA) composition. The exposure time was shortened and overheating was avoided when sterilized mesocarp...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Diponegoro University
2021-08-01
|
| Series: | International Journal of Renewable Energy Development |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://ijred.cbiore.id/index.php/ijred/article/view/35402 |
| _version_ | 1797449836380815360 |
|---|---|
| author | Norashikin Ahmad Zamanhuri Norazah Abd Rahman Noor Fitrah Abu Bakar |
| author_facet | Norashikin Ahmad Zamanhuri Norazah Abd Rahman Noor Fitrah Abu Bakar |
| author_sort | Norashikin Ahmad Zamanhuri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aim of this study is to evaluate microwave-assisted extraction at several microwave power and extraction time in extracting oil palm products, such as crude palm oil (CPO) and palm fatty acid (PFA) composition. The exposure time was shortened and overheating was avoided when sterilized mesocarp exposed to microwave prior to Soxhlet extraction in order to obtain good quality oil. The effects of CPO extraction and PFA composition on the distillate produced were investigated. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the determination and quantification of PFA composition in the distilled products. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that the microwave-assisted extraction technique had efficiently assisted in the release of oil by breaking down the mesocarp cell structure. To fill the research gap of microwave-assisted sterilization in the previous research, microwave-assisted extraction was introduced, in which two processes (i.e., extraction and drying) were conducted in one equipment. Oil yield and color, free fatty acids (FFA), Deterioration of Bleachability Index (DOBI), and carotene contents of the CPO were quantified. At 100 W, the extraction of CPO demonstrated 64% yield produced, with chemical properties of 0.301% FFA, 3.53 DOBI and 1132 ppm carotene with final temperature of 76.2°C during microwave-assisted extraction. The optimum condition for extracting PFA distillate was 300 W for 30 min of exposure time. Additionally, distillate obtained at the optimum condition using microwave-assisted extraction consisted of high palmitic acid (C16:0), caramel-like aroma, and possessed a sweet fragrance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T14:30:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-73a30a35a65048a88a941113cf559be1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2252-4940 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T14:30:49Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | Diponegoro University |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Renewable Energy Development |
| spelling | doaj.art-73a30a35a65048a88a941113cf559be12023-11-28T02:08:36ZengDiponegoro UniversityInternational Journal of Renewable Energy Development2252-49402021-08-0110349550510.14710/ijred.2021.3540218125Effect of Microwave Power and Extraction Time on Crude Palm Oil Quality Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction ProcessNorashikin Ahmad Zamanhuri0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4722-4821Norazah Abd Rahman1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5517-7733Noor Fitrah Abu Bakar2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0270-424XFaculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, MalaysiaFaculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, MalaysiaFaculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, MalaysiaThe aim of this study is to evaluate microwave-assisted extraction at several microwave power and extraction time in extracting oil palm products, such as crude palm oil (CPO) and palm fatty acid (PFA) composition. The exposure time was shortened and overheating was avoided when sterilized mesocarp exposed to microwave prior to Soxhlet extraction in order to obtain good quality oil. The effects of CPO extraction and PFA composition on the distillate produced were investigated. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the determination and quantification of PFA composition in the distilled products. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that the microwave-assisted extraction technique had efficiently assisted in the release of oil by breaking down the mesocarp cell structure. To fill the research gap of microwave-assisted sterilization in the previous research, microwave-assisted extraction was introduced, in which two processes (i.e., extraction and drying) were conducted in one equipment. Oil yield and color, free fatty acids (FFA), Deterioration of Bleachability Index (DOBI), and carotene contents of the CPO were quantified. At 100 W, the extraction of CPO demonstrated 64% yield produced, with chemical properties of 0.301% FFA, 3.53 DOBI and 1132 ppm carotene with final temperature of 76.2°C during microwave-assisted extraction. The optimum condition for extracting PFA distillate was 300 W for 30 min of exposure time. Additionally, distillate obtained at the optimum condition using microwave-assisted extraction consisted of high palmitic acid (C16:0), caramel-like aroma, and possessed a sweet fragrance.https://ijred.cbiore.id/index.php/ijred/article/view/35402microwavesterilizationextractioncrude palm oilpalm fatty acids |
| spellingShingle | Norashikin Ahmad Zamanhuri Norazah Abd Rahman Noor Fitrah Abu Bakar Effect of Microwave Power and Extraction Time on Crude Palm Oil Quality Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process International Journal of Renewable Energy Development microwave sterilization extraction crude palm oil palm fatty acids |
| title | Effect of Microwave Power and Extraction Time on Crude Palm Oil Quality Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process |
| title_full | Effect of Microwave Power and Extraction Time on Crude Palm Oil Quality Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Microwave Power and Extraction Time on Crude Palm Oil Quality Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Microwave Power and Extraction Time on Crude Palm Oil Quality Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process |
| title_short | Effect of Microwave Power and Extraction Time on Crude Palm Oil Quality Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process |
| title_sort | effect of microwave power and extraction time on crude palm oil quality using microwave assisted extraction process |
| topic | microwave sterilization extraction crude palm oil palm fatty acids |
| url | https://ijred.cbiore.id/index.php/ijred/article/view/35402 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT norashikinahmadzamanhuri effectofmicrowavepowerandextractiontimeoncrudepalmoilqualityusingmicrowaveassistedextractionprocess AT norazahabdrahman effectofmicrowavepowerandextractiontimeoncrudepalmoilqualityusingmicrowaveassistedextractionprocess AT noorfitrahabubakar effectofmicrowavepowerandextractiontimeoncrudepalmoilqualityusingmicrowaveassistedextractionprocess |