Immunomodulatory Potential of <i>Tinospora cordifolia</i> and CpG ODN (TLR21 Agonist) against the Very Virulent, Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in SPF Chicks
Infectious bursal disease (IBD), caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), is characterized by severe immunosuppression in young chicks of 3 to 6 week age group. Although vaccines are available to prevent IBD, outbreaks of disease are still noticed in the field among vaccinated flocks. Furth...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-09-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/7/3/106 |
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| author | Swati Sachan Kuldeep Dhama Shyma K. Latheef Hari Abdul Samad Asok Kumar Mariappan Palanivelu Munuswamy Rajendra Singh Karam Pal Singh Yashpal Singh Malik Raj Kumar Singh |
| author_facet | Swati Sachan Kuldeep Dhama Shyma K. Latheef Hari Abdul Samad Asok Kumar Mariappan Palanivelu Munuswamy Rajendra Singh Karam Pal Singh Yashpal Singh Malik Raj Kumar Singh |
| author_sort | Swati Sachan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Infectious bursal disease (IBD), caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), is characterized by severe immunosuppression in young chicks of 3 to 6 week age group. Although vaccines are available to prevent IBD, outbreaks of disease are still noticed in the field among vaccinated flocks. Further, the birds surviving IBD become susceptible to secondary infections caused by various viral and bacterial agents. This study assessed the immunoprophylactic potential of Cytosine-guanosinedeoxynucleotide (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) and <i>Tinospora cordifolia</i> stem aqueous extract in the specific pathogen free (SPF) chicks, experimentally infected with very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV). Both of these agents (CpG ODN and herbal extract) showed significant increase in the IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-1 levels in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (<i>p</i> < 0.05) of chickens in the treatment groups following IBD infection. Further we found significant reduction in mortality rate in vvIBDV infected chicks treated with either, or in combination, compared with the birds of control group. Additionally, the adjuvant or immune enhancing potential of these two immunomodulatory agents with the commercially available IBDV vaccine was determined in chicks. The augmentation of vaccine response in terms of an enhanced antibody titer after vaccination, along with either or a combination of the two agents was noticed. The findings provide a way forward to counter the menace of IBDV in the poultry sector through use of these herbal or synthetic immunomodulatory supplements. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T18:01:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-73f55b4d4fe54a12bb31817e115bbd95 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T18:01:06Z |
| publishDate | 2019-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-73f55b4d4fe54a12bb31817e115bbd952022-12-22T04:10:29ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2019-09-017310610.3390/vaccines7030106vaccines7030106Immunomodulatory Potential of <i>Tinospora cordifolia</i> and CpG ODN (TLR21 Agonist) against the Very Virulent, Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in SPF ChicksSwati Sachan0Kuldeep Dhama1Shyma K. Latheef2Hari Abdul Samad3Asok Kumar Mariappan4Palanivelu Munuswamy5Rajendra Singh6Karam Pal Singh7Yashpal Singh Malik8Raj Kumar Singh9Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaDivision of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaDivision of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaDivision of Physiology and Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaDivision of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaDivision of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaDivision of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaDivision of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaDivision of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaInfectious bursal disease (IBD), caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), is characterized by severe immunosuppression in young chicks of 3 to 6 week age group. Although vaccines are available to prevent IBD, outbreaks of disease are still noticed in the field among vaccinated flocks. Further, the birds surviving IBD become susceptible to secondary infections caused by various viral and bacterial agents. This study assessed the immunoprophylactic potential of Cytosine-guanosinedeoxynucleotide (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) and <i>Tinospora cordifolia</i> stem aqueous extract in the specific pathogen free (SPF) chicks, experimentally infected with very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV). Both of these agents (CpG ODN and herbal extract) showed significant increase in the IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-1 levels in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (<i>p</i> < 0.05) of chickens in the treatment groups following IBD infection. Further we found significant reduction in mortality rate in vvIBDV infected chicks treated with either, or in combination, compared with the birds of control group. Additionally, the adjuvant or immune enhancing potential of these two immunomodulatory agents with the commercially available IBDV vaccine was determined in chicks. The augmentation of vaccine response in terms of an enhanced antibody titer after vaccination, along with either or a combination of the two agents was noticed. The findings provide a way forward to counter the menace of IBDV in the poultry sector through use of these herbal or synthetic immunomodulatory supplements.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/7/3/106IBDV<i>Tinospora cordifolia</i>TLR agonistCpG ODNimmunomodulatoradjuvant |
| spellingShingle | Swati Sachan Kuldeep Dhama Shyma K. Latheef Hari Abdul Samad Asok Kumar Mariappan Palanivelu Munuswamy Rajendra Singh Karam Pal Singh Yashpal Singh Malik Raj Kumar Singh Immunomodulatory Potential of <i>Tinospora cordifolia</i> and CpG ODN (TLR21 Agonist) against the Very Virulent, Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in SPF Chicks Vaccines IBDV <i>Tinospora cordifolia</i> TLR agonist CpG ODN immunomodulator adjuvant |
| title | Immunomodulatory Potential of <i>Tinospora cordifolia</i> and CpG ODN (TLR21 Agonist) against the Very Virulent, Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in SPF Chicks |
| title_full | Immunomodulatory Potential of <i>Tinospora cordifolia</i> and CpG ODN (TLR21 Agonist) against the Very Virulent, Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in SPF Chicks |
| title_fullStr | Immunomodulatory Potential of <i>Tinospora cordifolia</i> and CpG ODN (TLR21 Agonist) against the Very Virulent, Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in SPF Chicks |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunomodulatory Potential of <i>Tinospora cordifolia</i> and CpG ODN (TLR21 Agonist) against the Very Virulent, Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in SPF Chicks |
| title_short | Immunomodulatory Potential of <i>Tinospora cordifolia</i> and CpG ODN (TLR21 Agonist) against the Very Virulent, Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in SPF Chicks |
| title_sort | immunomodulatory potential of i tinospora cordifolia i and cpg odn tlr21 agonist against the very virulent infectious bursal disease virus in spf chicks |
| topic | IBDV <i>Tinospora cordifolia</i> TLR agonist CpG ODN immunomodulator adjuvant |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/7/3/106 |
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