Microalgae as functional feed for Atlantic salmon: effects on growth, health, immunity, muscle fatty acid and pigment deposition
Microalgae are increasingly being investigated as functional feed additives in a variety of fish species, but our knowledge on how microalgae supplementation affects Atlantic salmon remains limited. We hypothesized that microalgae inclusion of 8% in the feed would improve performance, fatty acid and...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1273614/full |
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| author | Jonas Mueller Jonas Mueller Matteo Pauly Joachim Molkentin Ute Ostermeyer Doret R. van Muilekom Alexander Rebl Tom Goldammer Tom Goldammer Jacqueline Lindemeyer Thekla Schultheiß Henrike Seibel Carsten Schulz Carsten Schulz |
| author_facet | Jonas Mueller Jonas Mueller Matteo Pauly Joachim Molkentin Ute Ostermeyer Doret R. van Muilekom Alexander Rebl Tom Goldammer Tom Goldammer Jacqueline Lindemeyer Thekla Schultheiß Henrike Seibel Carsten Schulz Carsten Schulz |
| author_sort | Jonas Mueller |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Microalgae are increasingly being investigated as functional feed additives in a variety of fish species, but our knowledge on how microalgae supplementation affects Atlantic salmon remains limited. We hypothesized that microalgae inclusion of 8% in the feed would improve performance, fatty acid and pigment deposition as well as health and immunity of Atlantic salmon reared in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). We fed Atlantic salmon smolts with five different microalgae enriched diets containing Tetraselmis chuii (TC), Arthrospira platensis (AP), Schizochytrium limacinum (SL) or Chlorella vulgaris, either intact (CVI) or as broken cell wall derivative (CVB) or a control diet (CD). After eight weeks of feeding in brackish water (13 psu), all groups were transferred to seawater (32 psu) for additional two weeks. Our results indicate that CVB improved feed conversion and protein retention, but reduced condition factor (p < 0.05) compared to fish fed with a control diet. Voluntary feed intake decreased in seawater, but was similar among diet groups. The amount of docosahexaenoic acid was particularly high in SL-fed fish and alpha-linolenic acid was enriched in fish fed CVI, CVB and TC (p < 0.05). Following seawater transfer, fat content and monounsaturated fatty acids decreased in the muscle, while polyunsaturated fatty acids increased. Lutein was present in all muscle samples, but highest concentrations were found in CVB-, CVI- and TC-fed fish. In the anterior intestine, microalgae supplementation induced differentially regulated trout protein 1 (drtp1) expression in CVI- and CVB-fed fish, but reduced the expression of interleukin 1 and 10 receptor (il1r2 & il10rb) in CVI-fed fish. In the liver, feeding CVI and SL induced complement C1q like 2 (c1ql2) expression, while reducing serum amyloid A5 (saa5) expression. Superoxide-dismutase protein concentration was induced in the liver of fish fed SL, while myeloperoxidase was reduced in most microalgae-fed groups. In conclusion, we show that commercially relevant microalgae can be used as functional feed additives for Atlantic salmon promoting different health aspects without negatively affecting their growth performance when cultivated in RAS. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T16:07:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-73f6bb4c39034e959c38e107beb08086 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-7745 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T16:07:20Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Marine Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-73f6bb4c39034e959c38e107beb080862023-10-24T22:26:33ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Marine Science2296-77452023-10-011010.3389/fmars.2023.12736141273614Microalgae as functional feed for Atlantic salmon: effects on growth, health, immunity, muscle fatty acid and pigment depositionJonas Mueller0Jonas Mueller1Matteo Pauly2Joachim Molkentin3Ute Ostermeyer4Doret R. van Muilekom5Alexander Rebl6Tom Goldammer7Tom Goldammer8Jacqueline Lindemeyer9Thekla Schultheiß10Henrike Seibel11Carsten Schulz12Carsten Schulz13Department for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Kiel University, Kiel, GermanyFraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering IMTE, Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources, Büsum, GermanyFraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering IMTE, Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources, Büsum, GermanyDepartment of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Kiel, GermanyDepartment of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Kiel, GermanyFish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, GermanyFish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, GermanyFish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, GermanyFaculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, GermanyInstitute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, GermanyInstitute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, GermanyFraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering IMTE, Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources, Büsum, GermanyDepartment for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Kiel University, Kiel, GermanyFraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering IMTE, Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources, Büsum, GermanyMicroalgae are increasingly being investigated as functional feed additives in a variety of fish species, but our knowledge on how microalgae supplementation affects Atlantic salmon remains limited. We hypothesized that microalgae inclusion of 8% in the feed would improve performance, fatty acid and pigment deposition as well as health and immunity of Atlantic salmon reared in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). We fed Atlantic salmon smolts with five different microalgae enriched diets containing Tetraselmis chuii (TC), Arthrospira platensis (AP), Schizochytrium limacinum (SL) or Chlorella vulgaris, either intact (CVI) or as broken cell wall derivative (CVB) or a control diet (CD). After eight weeks of feeding in brackish water (13 psu), all groups were transferred to seawater (32 psu) for additional two weeks. Our results indicate that CVB improved feed conversion and protein retention, but reduced condition factor (p < 0.05) compared to fish fed with a control diet. Voluntary feed intake decreased in seawater, but was similar among diet groups. The amount of docosahexaenoic acid was particularly high in SL-fed fish and alpha-linolenic acid was enriched in fish fed CVI, CVB and TC (p < 0.05). Following seawater transfer, fat content and monounsaturated fatty acids decreased in the muscle, while polyunsaturated fatty acids increased. Lutein was present in all muscle samples, but highest concentrations were found in CVB-, CVI- and TC-fed fish. In the anterior intestine, microalgae supplementation induced differentially regulated trout protein 1 (drtp1) expression in CVI- and CVB-fed fish, but reduced the expression of interleukin 1 and 10 receptor (il1r2 & il10rb) in CVI-fed fish. In the liver, feeding CVI and SL induced complement C1q like 2 (c1ql2) expression, while reducing serum amyloid A5 (saa5) expression. Superoxide-dismutase protein concentration was induced in the liver of fish fed SL, while myeloperoxidase was reduced in most microalgae-fed groups. In conclusion, we show that commercially relevant microalgae can be used as functional feed additives for Atlantic salmon promoting different health aspects without negatively affecting their growth performance when cultivated in RAS.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1273614/fullmicroalgaefunctional feedbioactive compoundfatty acidscarotenoidsimmunity |
| spellingShingle | Jonas Mueller Jonas Mueller Matteo Pauly Joachim Molkentin Ute Ostermeyer Doret R. van Muilekom Alexander Rebl Tom Goldammer Tom Goldammer Jacqueline Lindemeyer Thekla Schultheiß Henrike Seibel Carsten Schulz Carsten Schulz Microalgae as functional feed for Atlantic salmon: effects on growth, health, immunity, muscle fatty acid and pigment deposition Frontiers in Marine Science microalgae functional feed bioactive compound fatty acids carotenoids immunity |
| title | Microalgae as functional feed for Atlantic salmon: effects on growth, health, immunity, muscle fatty acid and pigment deposition |
| title_full | Microalgae as functional feed for Atlantic salmon: effects on growth, health, immunity, muscle fatty acid and pigment deposition |
| title_fullStr | Microalgae as functional feed for Atlantic salmon: effects on growth, health, immunity, muscle fatty acid and pigment deposition |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microalgae as functional feed for Atlantic salmon: effects on growth, health, immunity, muscle fatty acid and pigment deposition |
| title_short | Microalgae as functional feed for Atlantic salmon: effects on growth, health, immunity, muscle fatty acid and pigment deposition |
| title_sort | microalgae as functional feed for atlantic salmon effects on growth health immunity muscle fatty acid and pigment deposition |
| topic | microalgae functional feed bioactive compound fatty acids carotenoids immunity |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1273614/full |
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