Geochemical Characterization and Heavy Metal Sources in PM<sub>10</sub> in Arequipa, Peru
Particulate matter smaller than 10 μm (PM<sub>10</sub>) is an important air pollutant that adversely affects human health by increasing the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies reported multiple extreme PM<sub>10</sub> levels at high altitude Peruvi...
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/5/641 |
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| author | Jianghanyang Li Greg Michalski Elizabeth Joy Olson Lisa R. Welp Adriana E. Larrea Valdivia Juan Reyes Larico Francisco Alejo Zapata Lino Morales Paredes |
| author_facet | Jianghanyang Li Greg Michalski Elizabeth Joy Olson Lisa R. Welp Adriana E. Larrea Valdivia Juan Reyes Larico Francisco Alejo Zapata Lino Morales Paredes |
| author_sort | Jianghanyang Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Particulate matter smaller than 10 μm (PM<sub>10</sub>) is an important air pollutant that adversely affects human health by increasing the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies reported multiple extreme PM<sub>10</sub> levels at high altitude Peruvian cities, which resulted from a combination of high emissions and limited atmospheric circulation at high altitude. However, the emission sources of the PM<sub>10</sub> still remain unclear. In this study, we collected PM<sub>10</sub> samples from four sites (one industrial site, one urban site, and two rural sites) at the city of Arequipa, Peru, during the period of February 2018 to December 2018. To identify the origins of PM<sub>10</sub> at each site and the spatial distribution of PM<sub>10</sub> emission sources, we analyzed major and trace element concentrations of the PM<sub>10</sub>. Of the observed daily PM<sub>10</sub> concentrations at Arequipa during our sampling period, 91% exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) 24-h mean PM<sub>10</sub> guideline value, suggesting the elevated PM<sub>10</sub> strongly affected the air quality at Arequipa. The concentrations of major elements, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Al, were high and showed little variation, suggesting that mineral dust was a major component of the PM<sub>10</sub> at all the sites. Some trace elements, such as Mn and Mo, originated from the mineral dust, while other trace elements, including Pb, Sr, Cu, Ba, Ni, As and V, were from additional anthropogenic sources. The industrial activities at Rio Seco, the industrial site, contributed to significant Pb, Cu, and possibly Sr emissions. At two rural sites, Tingo Grande and Yarabamba, strong Cu emissions were observed, which were likely associated with mining activities. Ni, V, and As were attributed to fossil fuel combustion emissions, which were strongest at the Avenida Independencia urban site. Elevated Ba and Cu concentrations were also observed at the urban site, which were likely caused by heavy traffic in the city and vehicle brake wear emissions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:18:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7402b3f087f14941a40bc7740f591c5a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:18:09Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-7402b3f087f14941a40bc7740f591c5a2023-11-21T20:16:40ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332021-05-0112564110.3390/atmos12050641Geochemical Characterization and Heavy Metal Sources in PM<sub>10</sub> in Arequipa, PeruJianghanyang Li0Greg Michalski1Elizabeth Joy Olson2Lisa R. Welp3Adriana E. Larrea Valdivia4Juan Reyes Larico5Francisco Alejo Zapata6Lino Morales Paredes7Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USADepartment of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USADepartment of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USADepartment of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USACentro de Investigacion de Contaminantes Ambientales, Laboratorio LABINVSERV del Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de San Augustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04001, PeruCentro de Investigacion de Contaminantes Ambientales, Laboratorio LABINVSERV del Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de San Augustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04001, PeruCentro de Investigacion de Contaminantes Ambientales, Laboratorio LABINVSERV del Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de San Augustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04001, PeruCentro de Investigacion de Contaminantes Ambientales, Laboratorio LABINVSERV del Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de San Augustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04001, PeruParticulate matter smaller than 10 μm (PM<sub>10</sub>) is an important air pollutant that adversely affects human health by increasing the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies reported multiple extreme PM<sub>10</sub> levels at high altitude Peruvian cities, which resulted from a combination of high emissions and limited atmospheric circulation at high altitude. However, the emission sources of the PM<sub>10</sub> still remain unclear. In this study, we collected PM<sub>10</sub> samples from four sites (one industrial site, one urban site, and two rural sites) at the city of Arequipa, Peru, during the period of February 2018 to December 2018. To identify the origins of PM<sub>10</sub> at each site and the spatial distribution of PM<sub>10</sub> emission sources, we analyzed major and trace element concentrations of the PM<sub>10</sub>. Of the observed daily PM<sub>10</sub> concentrations at Arequipa during our sampling period, 91% exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) 24-h mean PM<sub>10</sub> guideline value, suggesting the elevated PM<sub>10</sub> strongly affected the air quality at Arequipa. The concentrations of major elements, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Al, were high and showed little variation, suggesting that mineral dust was a major component of the PM<sub>10</sub> at all the sites. Some trace elements, such as Mn and Mo, originated from the mineral dust, while other trace elements, including Pb, Sr, Cu, Ba, Ni, As and V, were from additional anthropogenic sources. The industrial activities at Rio Seco, the industrial site, contributed to significant Pb, Cu, and possibly Sr emissions. At two rural sites, Tingo Grande and Yarabamba, strong Cu emissions were observed, which were likely associated with mining activities. Ni, V, and As were attributed to fossil fuel combustion emissions, which were strongest at the Avenida Independencia urban site. Elevated Ba and Cu concentrations were also observed at the urban site, which were likely caused by heavy traffic in the city and vehicle brake wear emissions.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/5/641PM<sub>10</sub>trace metalsmetal emissions |
| spellingShingle | Jianghanyang Li Greg Michalski Elizabeth Joy Olson Lisa R. Welp Adriana E. Larrea Valdivia Juan Reyes Larico Francisco Alejo Zapata Lino Morales Paredes Geochemical Characterization and Heavy Metal Sources in PM<sub>10</sub> in Arequipa, Peru Atmosphere PM<sub>10</sub> trace metals metal emissions |
| title | Geochemical Characterization and Heavy Metal Sources in PM<sub>10</sub> in Arequipa, Peru |
| title_full | Geochemical Characterization and Heavy Metal Sources in PM<sub>10</sub> in Arequipa, Peru |
| title_fullStr | Geochemical Characterization and Heavy Metal Sources in PM<sub>10</sub> in Arequipa, Peru |
| title_full_unstemmed | Geochemical Characterization and Heavy Metal Sources in PM<sub>10</sub> in Arequipa, Peru |
| title_short | Geochemical Characterization and Heavy Metal Sources in PM<sub>10</sub> in Arequipa, Peru |
| title_sort | geochemical characterization and heavy metal sources in pm sub 10 sub in arequipa peru |
| topic | PM<sub>10</sub> trace metals metal emissions |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/5/641 |
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