Phototransformation of Three Psychoactive Drugs in Presence of Sedimental Water Extractable Organic Matter
Psychoactive drugs are classified as contaminants of emerging concern but there is limited information on their fate in surface waters. Here, we studied the photodegradation of three psychoactive drugs (sertraline, clozapine, and citalopram) in the presence of organic matter (WEOM) extracted under m...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/9/2466 |
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| author | Cristina Jiménez-Holgado Vasilios Sakkas Claire Richard |
| author_facet | Cristina Jiménez-Holgado Vasilios Sakkas Claire Richard |
| author_sort | Cristina Jiménez-Holgado |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Psychoactive drugs are classified as contaminants of emerging concern but there is limited information on their fate in surface waters. Here, we studied the photodegradation of three psychoactive drugs (sertraline, clozapine, and citalopram) in the presence of organic matter (WEOM) extracted under mild conditions from sediment of Lake Pamvotis, Greece. Spectral characterization of WEOM confirmed its humic-like nature. Preliminary experiments using chemical probes showed that WEOM was able to produce oxidant triplet excited state (<sup>3</sup>WEOM*), singlet oxygen (<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>), and hydroxyl radicals under irradiation with simulated solar light. Then, WEOM at 5 mgC L<sup>−1</sup> was irradiated in the presence of the three drugs. It enhanced their phototransformation by a factor of 2, 4.2, and 16 for sertraline, clozapine, and citalopram, respectively. The drastic inhibiting effect of 2-propanol (5 × 10<sup>−3</sup> M) on the reactions demonstrated that hydroxyl radical was the key intermediate responsible for drugs photodegradation. A series of photoproducts were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). The photodegradation of the three drugs proceeded through several pathways, in particular oxidations of the rings with or without O atom inclusion, N elimination, and substitution of the halogen by OH. The formation of halogenated aromatics was observed for sertraline. To conclude, sedimental natural organic matter can significantly phototransform the studied antidepressant drugs and these reactions need to be more investigated. Finally, ecotoxicity was estimated for the three target analytes and their photoproducts, using the Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) computer program. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:02:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-741dafc4920441df85e9e0b51869828d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:02:52Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-741dafc4920441df85e9e0b51869828d2023-11-21T16:50:56ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-04-01269246610.3390/molecules26092466Phototransformation of Three Psychoactive Drugs in Presence of Sedimental Water Extractable Organic MatterCristina Jiménez-Holgado0Vasilios Sakkas1Claire Richard2Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, GreeceLaboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, GreeceInstitute of Chemistry of Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA-Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, FrancePsychoactive drugs are classified as contaminants of emerging concern but there is limited information on their fate in surface waters. Here, we studied the photodegradation of three psychoactive drugs (sertraline, clozapine, and citalopram) in the presence of organic matter (WEOM) extracted under mild conditions from sediment of Lake Pamvotis, Greece. Spectral characterization of WEOM confirmed its humic-like nature. Preliminary experiments using chemical probes showed that WEOM was able to produce oxidant triplet excited state (<sup>3</sup>WEOM*), singlet oxygen (<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>), and hydroxyl radicals under irradiation with simulated solar light. Then, WEOM at 5 mgC L<sup>−1</sup> was irradiated in the presence of the three drugs. It enhanced their phototransformation by a factor of 2, 4.2, and 16 for sertraline, clozapine, and citalopram, respectively. The drastic inhibiting effect of 2-propanol (5 × 10<sup>−3</sup> M) on the reactions demonstrated that hydroxyl radical was the key intermediate responsible for drugs photodegradation. A series of photoproducts were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). The photodegradation of the three drugs proceeded through several pathways, in particular oxidations of the rings with or without O atom inclusion, N elimination, and substitution of the halogen by OH. The formation of halogenated aromatics was observed for sertraline. To conclude, sedimental natural organic matter can significantly phototransform the studied antidepressant drugs and these reactions need to be more investigated. Finally, ecotoxicity was estimated for the three target analytes and their photoproducts, using the Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) computer program.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/9/2466antidepressantssedimentphotodegradationwater extractable organic matterphotoproducts |
| spellingShingle | Cristina Jiménez-Holgado Vasilios Sakkas Claire Richard Phototransformation of Three Psychoactive Drugs in Presence of Sedimental Water Extractable Organic Matter Molecules antidepressants sediment photodegradation water extractable organic matter photoproducts |
| title | Phototransformation of Three Psychoactive Drugs in Presence of Sedimental Water Extractable Organic Matter |
| title_full | Phototransformation of Three Psychoactive Drugs in Presence of Sedimental Water Extractable Organic Matter |
| title_fullStr | Phototransformation of Three Psychoactive Drugs in Presence of Sedimental Water Extractable Organic Matter |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phototransformation of Three Psychoactive Drugs in Presence of Sedimental Water Extractable Organic Matter |
| title_short | Phototransformation of Three Psychoactive Drugs in Presence of Sedimental Water Extractable Organic Matter |
| title_sort | phototransformation of three psychoactive drugs in presence of sedimental water extractable organic matter |
| topic | antidepressants sediment photodegradation water extractable organic matter photoproducts |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/9/2466 |
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