Fly Ash from Lignite Combustion as a Filler for Rubber Mixes. Part I: Physical Valorization of Fly Ash
The potential use of fly ash (FA) originating from lignite combustion at the Belchatow Power Plant (Poland) as filler for rubber mixes was evaluated. Samples of fly ash collected from heaps created in different years were compared according to their chemical and phase composition, particle size dist...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-07-01
|
| Series: | Materials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/14/4869 |
| _version_ | 1797433394275024896 |
|---|---|
| author | Wojciech Orczykowski Dariusz M. Bieliński Rafał Anyszka Zbigniew Pędzich |
| author_facet | Wojciech Orczykowski Dariusz M. Bieliński Rafał Anyszka Zbigniew Pędzich |
| author_sort | Wojciech Orczykowski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The potential use of fly ash (FA) originating from lignite combustion at the Belchatow Power Plant (Poland) as filler for rubber mixes was evaluated. Samples of fly ash collected from heaps created in different years were compared according to their chemical and phase composition, particle size distribution, and morphology. The sieve fractionation of fly ash results in size fractions of different chemical structures, phase compositions, and morphologies, reflected in changes to their specific surface area, surface energy, and activity in rubber mixes. Fractionation turned out to be more effective than grinding from the point of view of using ash as a filler for rubber mixes, because it results in higher specific surface area (SSA) and chemical composition differentiation. Carbon black can be replaced by up to 40% by weight with the fly ash fraction (FFA) of dimensions below 125 µm, without any significant deterioration in the mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) vulcanizates filled with 50 phr of active carbon black (N 220). Despite the larger fly ash fraction of grain dimensions in the range between 125 and 250 µm presenting the highest specific surface area, the particle size adversely affects its strengthening effect in rubber. Taking into account all the tests performed, ranging from morphology, Payne effect and bound rubber, to mechanical and abrasion tests, the highest potential effectivity is presented by a sample containing 30 phr of N 220 and 20 phr of FFA of grain sizes from 63 to 125 µm. The obtained results indicate that fractionation seems to be an effective physical method of fly ash valorization. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:16:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7424824193514f1b8a8edd405e0b43dd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:16:23Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-7424824193514f1b8a8edd405e0b43dd2023-12-01T22:22:59ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442022-07-011514486910.3390/ma15144869Fly Ash from Lignite Combustion as a Filler for Rubber Mixes. Part I: Physical Valorization of Fly AshWojciech Orczykowski0Dariusz M. Bieliński1Rafał Anyszka2Zbigniew Pędzich3BESTGUM POLSKA Ltd., Św. Barbary 3, 97-427 Rogowiec, PolandInstitute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, PolandInstitute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, PolandDepartment of Ceramics and Refractories, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, PolandThe potential use of fly ash (FA) originating from lignite combustion at the Belchatow Power Plant (Poland) as filler for rubber mixes was evaluated. Samples of fly ash collected from heaps created in different years were compared according to their chemical and phase composition, particle size distribution, and morphology. The sieve fractionation of fly ash results in size fractions of different chemical structures, phase compositions, and morphologies, reflected in changes to their specific surface area, surface energy, and activity in rubber mixes. Fractionation turned out to be more effective than grinding from the point of view of using ash as a filler for rubber mixes, because it results in higher specific surface area (SSA) and chemical composition differentiation. Carbon black can be replaced by up to 40% by weight with the fly ash fraction (FFA) of dimensions below 125 µm, without any significant deterioration in the mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) vulcanizates filled with 50 phr of active carbon black (N 220). Despite the larger fly ash fraction of grain dimensions in the range between 125 and 250 µm presenting the highest specific surface area, the particle size adversely affects its strengthening effect in rubber. Taking into account all the tests performed, ranging from morphology, Payne effect and bound rubber, to mechanical and abrasion tests, the highest potential effectivity is presented by a sample containing 30 phr of N 220 and 20 phr of FFA of grain sizes from 63 to 125 µm. The obtained results indicate that fractionation seems to be an effective physical method of fly ash valorization.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/14/4869fly ashfractionationcharacterizationrubber vulcanizatesmechanical properties |
| spellingShingle | Wojciech Orczykowski Dariusz M. Bieliński Rafał Anyszka Zbigniew Pędzich Fly Ash from Lignite Combustion as a Filler for Rubber Mixes. Part I: Physical Valorization of Fly Ash Materials fly ash fractionation characterization rubber vulcanizates mechanical properties |
| title | Fly Ash from Lignite Combustion as a Filler for Rubber Mixes. Part I: Physical Valorization of Fly Ash |
| title_full | Fly Ash from Lignite Combustion as a Filler for Rubber Mixes. Part I: Physical Valorization of Fly Ash |
| title_fullStr | Fly Ash from Lignite Combustion as a Filler for Rubber Mixes. Part I: Physical Valorization of Fly Ash |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fly Ash from Lignite Combustion as a Filler for Rubber Mixes. Part I: Physical Valorization of Fly Ash |
| title_short | Fly Ash from Lignite Combustion as a Filler for Rubber Mixes. Part I: Physical Valorization of Fly Ash |
| title_sort | fly ash from lignite combustion as a filler for rubber mixes part i physical valorization of fly ash |
| topic | fly ash fractionation characterization rubber vulcanizates mechanical properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/14/4869 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wojciechorczykowski flyashfromlignitecombustionasafillerforrubbermixespartiphysicalvalorizationofflyash AT dariuszmbielinski flyashfromlignitecombustionasafillerforrubbermixespartiphysicalvalorizationofflyash AT rafałanyszka flyashfromlignitecombustionasafillerforrubbermixespartiphysicalvalorizationofflyash AT zbigniewpedzich flyashfromlignitecombustionasafillerforrubbermixespartiphysicalvalorizationofflyash |