Fusarium Mycotoxins in Swiss Wheat: A Survey of Growers’ Samples between 2007 and 2014 Shows Strong Year and Minor Geographic Effects
To assess the occurrence of Fusarium toxins in wheat in Switzerland, an eight-year survey was conducted by analysing a total of 686 harvest samples from growers using LC-MS/MS. Between 2007 and 2010, 527 samples were obtained from 17 cantons. Between 2011 and 2014, 159 samples were collected from th...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2017-08-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/9/8/246 |
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| author | Susanne Vogelgsang Tomke Musa Irene Bänziger Andreas Kägi Thomas D. Bucheli Felix E. Wettstein Matias Pasquali Hans-Rudolf Forrer |
| author_facet | Susanne Vogelgsang Tomke Musa Irene Bänziger Andreas Kägi Thomas D. Bucheli Felix E. Wettstein Matias Pasquali Hans-Rudolf Forrer |
| author_sort | Susanne Vogelgsang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To assess the occurrence of Fusarium toxins in wheat in Switzerland, an eight-year survey was conducted by analysing a total of 686 harvest samples from growers using LC-MS/MS. Between 2007 and 2010, 527 samples were obtained from 17 cantons. Between 2011 and 2014, 159 samples were collected from the canton Berne. The most frequent toxins detected were deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and nivalenol (NIV). The overall mean DON content in all samples was 607 µg/kg, and 11% exceeded the European limit for unprocessed cereals for foodstuffs (1250 µg/kg). For ZEA (mean 39 µg/kg), 7% exceeded the respective limit (100 µg/kg), and the mean content of NIV (no limit established) was 15 µg/kg. Between the years, the ratio of mycotoxin-contaminated samples ranged between 52% and 98% for DON, 9% and 43% for ZEA and 0% and 49% for NIV. The yearly mean contents varied substantially between 68 and 1310 µg/kg for DON, 5 and 56 µg/kg for ZEA and 6 and 29 µg/kg for NIV. The geographic origin showed a significant effect on DON and ZEA contamination, but was inconsistent between the years. This study has shown that the majority of Swiss-produced wheat is, in terms of Fusarium toxins, fit for human consumption and feed purposes. Nevertheless, depending on the year, high toxin contents can be expected, an issue that growers, cereal collection centres and the food industry have to deal with to ensure food and feed safety. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T19:46:35Z |
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| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T19:46:35Z |
| publishDate | 2017-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-742a8476e61d4fc38035176bae8d148c2022-12-22T03:18:57ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512017-08-019824610.3390/toxins9080246toxins9080246Fusarium Mycotoxins in Swiss Wheat: A Survey of Growers’ Samples between 2007 and 2014 Shows Strong Year and Minor Geographic EffectsSusanne Vogelgsang0Tomke Musa1Irene Bänziger2Andreas Kägi3Thomas D. Bucheli4Felix E. Wettstein5Matias Pasquali6Hans-Rudolf Forrer7Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, SwitzerlandAgroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, SwitzerlandAgroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, SwitzerlandAgroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, SwitzerlandAgroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, SwitzerlandAgroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, ItalyAgroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, SwitzerlandTo assess the occurrence of Fusarium toxins in wheat in Switzerland, an eight-year survey was conducted by analysing a total of 686 harvest samples from growers using LC-MS/MS. Between 2007 and 2010, 527 samples were obtained from 17 cantons. Between 2011 and 2014, 159 samples were collected from the canton Berne. The most frequent toxins detected were deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and nivalenol (NIV). The overall mean DON content in all samples was 607 µg/kg, and 11% exceeded the European limit for unprocessed cereals for foodstuffs (1250 µg/kg). For ZEA (mean 39 µg/kg), 7% exceeded the respective limit (100 µg/kg), and the mean content of NIV (no limit established) was 15 µg/kg. Between the years, the ratio of mycotoxin-contaminated samples ranged between 52% and 98% for DON, 9% and 43% for ZEA and 0% and 49% for NIV. The yearly mean contents varied substantially between 68 and 1310 µg/kg for DON, 5 and 56 µg/kg for ZEA and 6 and 29 µg/kg for NIV. The geographic origin showed a significant effect on DON and ZEA contamination, but was inconsistent between the years. This study has shown that the majority of Swiss-produced wheat is, in terms of Fusarium toxins, fit for human consumption and feed purposes. Nevertheless, depending on the year, high toxin contents can be expected, an issue that growers, cereal collection centres and the food industry have to deal with to ensure food and feed safety.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/9/8/246mycotoxin surveywheatFusariumtrichothecenezearalenonefood safetySwitzerland |
| spellingShingle | Susanne Vogelgsang Tomke Musa Irene Bänziger Andreas Kägi Thomas D. Bucheli Felix E. Wettstein Matias Pasquali Hans-Rudolf Forrer Fusarium Mycotoxins in Swiss Wheat: A Survey of Growers’ Samples between 2007 and 2014 Shows Strong Year and Minor Geographic Effects Toxins mycotoxin survey wheat Fusarium trichothecene zearalenone food safety Switzerland |
| title | Fusarium Mycotoxins in Swiss Wheat: A Survey of Growers’ Samples between 2007 and 2014 Shows Strong Year and Minor Geographic Effects |
| title_full | Fusarium Mycotoxins in Swiss Wheat: A Survey of Growers’ Samples between 2007 and 2014 Shows Strong Year and Minor Geographic Effects |
| title_fullStr | Fusarium Mycotoxins in Swiss Wheat: A Survey of Growers’ Samples between 2007 and 2014 Shows Strong Year and Minor Geographic Effects |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fusarium Mycotoxins in Swiss Wheat: A Survey of Growers’ Samples between 2007 and 2014 Shows Strong Year and Minor Geographic Effects |
| title_short | Fusarium Mycotoxins in Swiss Wheat: A Survey of Growers’ Samples between 2007 and 2014 Shows Strong Year and Minor Geographic Effects |
| title_sort | fusarium mycotoxins in swiss wheat a survey of growers samples between 2007 and 2014 shows strong year and minor geographic effects |
| topic | mycotoxin survey wheat Fusarium trichothecene zearalenone food safety Switzerland |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/9/8/246 |
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