Air, Dermal, and Urinary Metabolite Levels of Backpack and Tractor Sprayers Using the Herbicide Acetochlor in Thailand
Acetochlor is a chloroacetanilide selective pre-emergent herbicide used for controlling grass and broadleaf weeds in crops. This study compared the acetochlor exposures of backpack and tractor sprayers and assessed whether dermal or air exposures were more important contributors to the overall body...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-07-01
|
| Series: | Toxics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/7/622 |
| _version_ | 1797587382432694272 |
|---|---|
| author | Nichcha Kallayanatham Sumate Pengpumkiat Pornpimol Kongtip Ritthirong Pundee Noppanun Nankongnab Amarin Kongtawelert Susan R. Woskie |
| author_facet | Nichcha Kallayanatham Sumate Pengpumkiat Pornpimol Kongtip Ritthirong Pundee Noppanun Nankongnab Amarin Kongtawelert Susan R. Woskie |
| author_sort | Nichcha Kallayanatham |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Acetochlor is a chloroacetanilide selective pre-emergent herbicide used for controlling grass and broadleaf weeds in crops. This study compared the acetochlor exposures of backpack and tractor sprayers and assessed whether dermal or air exposures were more important contributors to the overall body burden as measured by urinary metabolites. Sixty sugarcane farmers in Nakhonsawan province, Thailand participated in the study, and breathing zone air and dermal patch samples were collected during spraying. Urine samples were collected before spraying, at the end of the spraying task, and on the day after spraying. For backpack and tractor sprayers, there was no significant difference in their breathing zone air concentrations, total body dermal samples, or urinary 2-methy-6-methyaniline (EMA) concentrations on the day after spraying. In addition, although most backpack and tractor sprayers wore long pants and long sleeve shirts, they were still exposed to acetochlor, as evidenced by a significant increase in the urinary EMA from before spraying (GM = 11.5 µg/g creatinine) to after spraying (GM = 88.5 µg/g creatinine) to the next day (GM = 111.0 µg/g creatinine). Breathing zone air samples were significantly correlated with those of total body dermal patch samples and with urinary EMA concentrations after spraying. This suggests that both air and dermal exposure contribute to urinary EMA levels. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:35:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-744cb020c40841c29884788d222d6f51 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:35:15Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-744cb020c40841c29884788d222d6f512023-11-18T21:37:28ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042023-07-0111762210.3390/toxics11070622Air, Dermal, and Urinary Metabolite Levels of Backpack and Tractor Sprayers Using the Herbicide Acetochlor in ThailandNichcha Kallayanatham0Sumate Pengpumkiat1Pornpimol Kongtip2Ritthirong Pundee3Noppanun Nankongnab4Amarin Kongtawelert5Susan R. Woskie6Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, ThailandDepartment of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, ThailandDepartment of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, ThailandNakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan 60130, ThailandDepartment of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, ThailandDepartment of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, ThailandDepartment of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USAAcetochlor is a chloroacetanilide selective pre-emergent herbicide used for controlling grass and broadleaf weeds in crops. This study compared the acetochlor exposures of backpack and tractor sprayers and assessed whether dermal or air exposures were more important contributors to the overall body burden as measured by urinary metabolites. Sixty sugarcane farmers in Nakhonsawan province, Thailand participated in the study, and breathing zone air and dermal patch samples were collected during spraying. Urine samples were collected before spraying, at the end of the spraying task, and on the day after spraying. For backpack and tractor sprayers, there was no significant difference in their breathing zone air concentrations, total body dermal samples, or urinary 2-methy-6-methyaniline (EMA) concentrations on the day after spraying. In addition, although most backpack and tractor sprayers wore long pants and long sleeve shirts, they were still exposed to acetochlor, as evidenced by a significant increase in the urinary EMA from before spraying (GM = 11.5 µg/g creatinine) to after spraying (GM = 88.5 µg/g creatinine) to the next day (GM = 111.0 µg/g creatinine). Breathing zone air samples were significantly correlated with those of total body dermal patch samples and with urinary EMA concentrations after spraying. This suggests that both air and dermal exposure contribute to urinary EMA levels.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/7/622acetochlorherbicidebreathing zone air sampledermal patch sampleurinary metabolitebackpack sprayer |
| spellingShingle | Nichcha Kallayanatham Sumate Pengpumkiat Pornpimol Kongtip Ritthirong Pundee Noppanun Nankongnab Amarin Kongtawelert Susan R. Woskie Air, Dermal, and Urinary Metabolite Levels of Backpack and Tractor Sprayers Using the Herbicide Acetochlor in Thailand Toxics acetochlor herbicide breathing zone air sample dermal patch sample urinary metabolite backpack sprayer |
| title | Air, Dermal, and Urinary Metabolite Levels of Backpack and Tractor Sprayers Using the Herbicide Acetochlor in Thailand |
| title_full | Air, Dermal, and Urinary Metabolite Levels of Backpack and Tractor Sprayers Using the Herbicide Acetochlor in Thailand |
| title_fullStr | Air, Dermal, and Urinary Metabolite Levels of Backpack and Tractor Sprayers Using the Herbicide Acetochlor in Thailand |
| title_full_unstemmed | Air, Dermal, and Urinary Metabolite Levels of Backpack and Tractor Sprayers Using the Herbicide Acetochlor in Thailand |
| title_short | Air, Dermal, and Urinary Metabolite Levels of Backpack and Tractor Sprayers Using the Herbicide Acetochlor in Thailand |
| title_sort | air dermal and urinary metabolite levels of backpack and tractor sprayers using the herbicide acetochlor in thailand |
| topic | acetochlor herbicide breathing zone air sample dermal patch sample urinary metabolite backpack sprayer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/7/622 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nichchakallayanatham airdermalandurinarymetabolitelevelsofbackpackandtractorsprayersusingtheherbicideacetochlorinthailand AT sumatepengpumkiat airdermalandurinarymetabolitelevelsofbackpackandtractorsprayersusingtheherbicideacetochlorinthailand AT pornpimolkongtip airdermalandurinarymetabolitelevelsofbackpackandtractorsprayersusingtheherbicideacetochlorinthailand AT ritthirongpundee airdermalandurinarymetabolitelevelsofbackpackandtractorsprayersusingtheherbicideacetochlorinthailand AT noppanunnankongnab airdermalandurinarymetabolitelevelsofbackpackandtractorsprayersusingtheherbicideacetochlorinthailand AT amarinkongtawelert airdermalandurinarymetabolitelevelsofbackpackandtractorsprayersusingtheherbicideacetochlorinthailand AT susanrwoskie airdermalandurinarymetabolitelevelsofbackpackandtractorsprayersusingtheherbicideacetochlorinthailand |