Pesticide–Virus Interactions in Honey Bees: Challenges and Opportunities for Understanding Drivers of Bee Declines
Honey bees are key agricultural pollinators, but beekeepers continually suffer high annual colony losses owing to a number of environmental stressors, including inadequate nutrition, pressures from parasites and pathogens, and exposure to a wide variety of pesticides. In this review, we examine how...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-05-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/5/566 |
| _version_ | 1797567294896865280 |
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| author | Gyan P. Harwood Adam G. Dolezal |
| author_facet | Gyan P. Harwood Adam G. Dolezal |
| author_sort | Gyan P. Harwood |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Honey bees are key agricultural pollinators, but beekeepers continually suffer high annual colony losses owing to a number of environmental stressors, including inadequate nutrition, pressures from parasites and pathogens, and exposure to a wide variety of pesticides. In this review, we examine how two such stressors, pesticides and viruses, may interact in additive or synergistic ways to affect honey bee health. Despite what appears to be a straightforward comparison, there is a dearth of studies examining this issue likely owing to the complexity of such interactions. Such complexities include the wide array of pesticide chemical classes with different modes of actions, the coupling of many bee viruses with ectoparasitic <i>Varroa</i> mites, and the intricate social structure of honey bee colonies. Together, these issues pose a challenge to researchers examining the effects pesticide-virus interactions at both the individual and colony level. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:39:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7457d8b7596b4b8ab3656b7f18e5d0bd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:39:45Z |
| publishDate | 2020-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-7457d8b7596b4b8ab3656b7f18e5d0bd2023-11-20T01:19:24ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152020-05-0112556610.3390/v12050566Pesticide–Virus Interactions in Honey Bees: Challenges and Opportunities for Understanding Drivers of Bee DeclinesGyan P. Harwood0Adam G. Dolezal1Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USADepartment of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USAHoney bees are key agricultural pollinators, but beekeepers continually suffer high annual colony losses owing to a number of environmental stressors, including inadequate nutrition, pressures from parasites and pathogens, and exposure to a wide variety of pesticides. In this review, we examine how two such stressors, pesticides and viruses, may interact in additive or synergistic ways to affect honey bee health. Despite what appears to be a straightforward comparison, there is a dearth of studies examining this issue likely owing to the complexity of such interactions. Such complexities include the wide array of pesticide chemical classes with different modes of actions, the coupling of many bee viruses with ectoparasitic <i>Varroa</i> mites, and the intricate social structure of honey bee colonies. Together, these issues pose a challenge to researchers examining the effects pesticide-virus interactions at both the individual and colony level.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/5/566honey bee virusvirus tolerance/resistancepesticide resistancetoxicologyinsecticide–virus synergism |
| spellingShingle | Gyan P. Harwood Adam G. Dolezal Pesticide–Virus Interactions in Honey Bees: Challenges and Opportunities for Understanding Drivers of Bee Declines Viruses honey bee virus virus tolerance/resistance pesticide resistance toxicology insecticide–virus synergism |
| title | Pesticide–Virus Interactions in Honey Bees: Challenges and Opportunities for Understanding Drivers of Bee Declines |
| title_full | Pesticide–Virus Interactions in Honey Bees: Challenges and Opportunities for Understanding Drivers of Bee Declines |
| title_fullStr | Pesticide–Virus Interactions in Honey Bees: Challenges and Opportunities for Understanding Drivers of Bee Declines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pesticide–Virus Interactions in Honey Bees: Challenges and Opportunities for Understanding Drivers of Bee Declines |
| title_short | Pesticide–Virus Interactions in Honey Bees: Challenges and Opportunities for Understanding Drivers of Bee Declines |
| title_sort | pesticide virus interactions in honey bees challenges and opportunities for understanding drivers of bee declines |
| topic | honey bee virus virus tolerance/resistance pesticide resistance toxicology insecticide–virus synergism |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/5/566 |
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