Sulfur-Induced Resistance against <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> via Triggering Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway in Kiwifruit
Sulfur has been previously reported to modulate plant growth and exhibit significant anti-microbial activities. However, the mechanism underlying its diverse effects on plant pathogens has not been elucidated completely. The present study conducted the two-year field experiment of sulfur application...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-11-01
|
| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/23/12710 |
| _version_ | 1797507782050578432 |
|---|---|
| author | Zhuzhu Zhang Youhua Long Xianhui Yin Sen Yang |
| author_facet | Zhuzhu Zhang Youhua Long Xianhui Yin Sen Yang |
| author_sort | Zhuzhu Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Sulfur has been previously reported to modulate plant growth and exhibit significant anti-microbial activities. However, the mechanism underlying its diverse effects on plant pathogens has not been elucidated completely. The present study conducted the two-year field experiment of sulfur application to control kiwifruit canker from 2017 to 2018. For the first time, our study uncovered activation of plant disease resistance by salicylic acid after sulfur application in kiwifruit. The results indicated that when the sulfur concentration was 1.5–2.0 kg m<sup>−</sup><sup>3</sup>, the induced effect of kiwifruit canker reached more than 70%. Meanwhile, a salicylic acid high lever was accompanied by the decline of jasmonic acid. Further analysis revealed the high expression of the defense gene, especially <i>AcPR-1</i>, which is a marker of the salicylic acid signaling pathway. Additionally, <i>AcICS1,</i> another critical gene of salicylic acid synthesis, was also highly expressed. All contributed to the synthesis of increasing salicylic acid content in kiwifruit leaves. Moreover, the first key lignin biosynthetic <i>AcPAL</i> gene was marked up-regulated. Thereafter, accumulation of lignin content in the kiwifruit stem and the higher deposition of lignin were visible in histochemical analysis. Moreover, the activity of the endochitinase activity of kiwifruit leaves increased significantly. We suggest that the sulfur-induced resistance against <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> via salicylic activates systemic acquired resistance to enhance plant immune response in kiwifruit. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:53:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-745a8f24045b45ab86e4fb119be284b8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:53:19Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-745a8f24045b45ab86e4fb119be284b82023-11-23T02:27:01ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-11-0122231271010.3390/ijms222312710Sulfur-Induced Resistance against <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> via Triggering Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway in KiwifruitZhuzhu Zhang0Youhua Long1Xianhui Yin2Sen Yang3College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, ChinaCollege of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, ChinaCollege of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, ChinaKiwifruit Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, ChinaSulfur has been previously reported to modulate plant growth and exhibit significant anti-microbial activities. However, the mechanism underlying its diverse effects on plant pathogens has not been elucidated completely. The present study conducted the two-year field experiment of sulfur application to control kiwifruit canker from 2017 to 2018. For the first time, our study uncovered activation of plant disease resistance by salicylic acid after sulfur application in kiwifruit. The results indicated that when the sulfur concentration was 1.5–2.0 kg m<sup>−</sup><sup>3</sup>, the induced effect of kiwifruit canker reached more than 70%. Meanwhile, a salicylic acid high lever was accompanied by the decline of jasmonic acid. Further analysis revealed the high expression of the defense gene, especially <i>AcPR-1</i>, which is a marker of the salicylic acid signaling pathway. Additionally, <i>AcICS1,</i> another critical gene of salicylic acid synthesis, was also highly expressed. All contributed to the synthesis of increasing salicylic acid content in kiwifruit leaves. Moreover, the first key lignin biosynthetic <i>AcPAL</i> gene was marked up-regulated. Thereafter, accumulation of lignin content in the kiwifruit stem and the higher deposition of lignin were visible in histochemical analysis. Moreover, the activity of the endochitinase activity of kiwifruit leaves increased significantly. We suggest that the sulfur-induced resistance against <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> via salicylic activates systemic acquired resistance to enhance plant immune response in kiwifruit.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/23/12710sulfurinduced resistancecanker of kiwifruitsalicylic acidligninresistance mechanisms |
| spellingShingle | Zhuzhu Zhang Youhua Long Xianhui Yin Sen Yang Sulfur-Induced Resistance against <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> via Triggering Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway in Kiwifruit International Journal of Molecular Sciences sulfur induced resistance canker of kiwifruit salicylic acid lignin resistance mechanisms |
| title | Sulfur-Induced Resistance against <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> via Triggering Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway in Kiwifruit |
| title_full | Sulfur-Induced Resistance against <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> via Triggering Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway in Kiwifruit |
| title_fullStr | Sulfur-Induced Resistance against <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> via Triggering Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway in Kiwifruit |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sulfur-Induced Resistance against <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> via Triggering Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway in Kiwifruit |
| title_short | Sulfur-Induced Resistance against <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> via Triggering Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway in Kiwifruit |
| title_sort | sulfur induced resistance against i pseudomonas syringae i pv i actinidiae i via triggering salicylic acid signaling pathway in kiwifruit |
| topic | sulfur induced resistance canker of kiwifruit salicylic acid lignin resistance mechanisms |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/23/12710 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zhuzhuzhang sulfurinducedresistanceagainstipseudomonassyringaeipviactinidiaeiviatriggeringsalicylicacidsignalingpathwayinkiwifruit AT youhualong sulfurinducedresistanceagainstipseudomonassyringaeipviactinidiaeiviatriggeringsalicylicacidsignalingpathwayinkiwifruit AT xianhuiyin sulfurinducedresistanceagainstipseudomonassyringaeipviactinidiaeiviatriggeringsalicylicacidsignalingpathwayinkiwifruit AT senyang sulfurinducedresistanceagainstipseudomonassyringaeipviactinidiaeiviatriggeringsalicylicacidsignalingpathwayinkiwifruit |