The Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Regulated, Emerging, and Masked Mycotoxins in Rice Bran and Maize from Southeast Asia
Raw feed materials are often contaminated with mycotoxins, and co-occurrence of mycotoxins occurs frequently. A total of 250 samples i.e., rice bran and maize from Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand were analysed using state-of-the-art liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for monito...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/8/567 |
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| author | Wipada Siri-anusornsak Oluwatobi Kolawole Warapa Mahakarnchanakul Brett Greer Awanwee Petchkongkaew Julie Meneely Christopher Elliott Kanithaporn Vangnai |
| author_facet | Wipada Siri-anusornsak Oluwatobi Kolawole Warapa Mahakarnchanakul Brett Greer Awanwee Petchkongkaew Julie Meneely Christopher Elliott Kanithaporn Vangnai |
| author_sort | Wipada Siri-anusornsak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Raw feed materials are often contaminated with mycotoxins, and co-occurrence of mycotoxins occurs frequently. A total of 250 samples i.e., rice bran and maize from Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand were analysed using state-of-the-art liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for monitoring the occurrence of regulated, emerging, and masked mycotoxins. Seven regulated mycotoxins – aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisin B<sub>1</sub>, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, HT-2, and T-2 toxin were detected as well as some emerging mycotoxins, such as beauvericin, enniatin type B, stachybotrylactam, sterigmatocystin, and masked mycotoxins, specifically zearalenone-14-glucoside, and zearalenone-16-glucoside. <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Fusarium</i> mycotoxins were the most prevalent compounds identified, especially aflatoxins and fumonisin B<sub>1</sub> in 100% and 95% of samples, respectively. Of the emerging toxins, beauvericin and enniatin type B showed high occurrences, with more than 90% of rice bran and maize contaminated, whereas zearalenone-14-glucoside and zearalenone-16-glucoside were found in rice bran in the range of 56–60%. Regulated mycotoxins (DON and ZEN) were the most frequent mycotoxin combination with emerging mycotoxins (BEA and ENN type B) in rice bran and maize. This study indicates that mycotoxin occurrence and co-occurrence are common in raw feed materials, and it is critical to monitor mycotoxin levels in ASEAN’s feedstuffs so that mitigation strategies can be developed and implemented. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:45:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-746a30ba1c604d4e89679962bfe1f06e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:45:32Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-746a30ba1c604d4e89679962bfe1f06e2023-12-03T14:35:41ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512022-08-0114856710.3390/toxins14080567The Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Regulated, Emerging, and Masked Mycotoxins in Rice Bran and Maize from Southeast AsiaWipada Siri-anusornsak0Oluwatobi Kolawole1Warapa Mahakarnchanakul2Brett Greer3Awanwee Petchkongkaew4Julie Meneely5Christopher Elliott6Kanithaporn Vangnai7Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandInstitute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Science, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 5DL, UKDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandInstitute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Science, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 5DL, UKInstitute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Science, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 5DL, UKInstitute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Science, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 5DL, UKInstitute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Science, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 5DL, UKDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandRaw feed materials are often contaminated with mycotoxins, and co-occurrence of mycotoxins occurs frequently. A total of 250 samples i.e., rice bran and maize from Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand were analysed using state-of-the-art liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for monitoring the occurrence of regulated, emerging, and masked mycotoxins. Seven regulated mycotoxins – aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisin B<sub>1</sub>, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, HT-2, and T-2 toxin were detected as well as some emerging mycotoxins, such as beauvericin, enniatin type B, stachybotrylactam, sterigmatocystin, and masked mycotoxins, specifically zearalenone-14-glucoside, and zearalenone-16-glucoside. <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Fusarium</i> mycotoxins were the most prevalent compounds identified, especially aflatoxins and fumonisin B<sub>1</sub> in 100% and 95% of samples, respectively. Of the emerging toxins, beauvericin and enniatin type B showed high occurrences, with more than 90% of rice bran and maize contaminated, whereas zearalenone-14-glucoside and zearalenone-16-glucoside were found in rice bran in the range of 56–60%. Regulated mycotoxins (DON and ZEN) were the most frequent mycotoxin combination with emerging mycotoxins (BEA and ENN type B) in rice bran and maize. This study indicates that mycotoxin occurrence and co-occurrence are common in raw feed materials, and it is critical to monitor mycotoxin levels in ASEAN’s feedstuffs so that mitigation strategies can be developed and implemented.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/8/567multi-mycotoxincontaminationsurveyfeedLC-MS/MSSoutheast Asia |
| spellingShingle | Wipada Siri-anusornsak Oluwatobi Kolawole Warapa Mahakarnchanakul Brett Greer Awanwee Petchkongkaew Julie Meneely Christopher Elliott Kanithaporn Vangnai The Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Regulated, Emerging, and Masked Mycotoxins in Rice Bran and Maize from Southeast Asia Toxins multi-mycotoxin contamination survey feed LC-MS/MS Southeast Asia |
| title | The Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Regulated, Emerging, and Masked Mycotoxins in Rice Bran and Maize from Southeast Asia |
| title_full | The Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Regulated, Emerging, and Masked Mycotoxins in Rice Bran and Maize from Southeast Asia |
| title_fullStr | The Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Regulated, Emerging, and Masked Mycotoxins in Rice Bran and Maize from Southeast Asia |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Regulated, Emerging, and Masked Mycotoxins in Rice Bran and Maize from Southeast Asia |
| title_short | The Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Regulated, Emerging, and Masked Mycotoxins in Rice Bran and Maize from Southeast Asia |
| title_sort | occurrence and co occurrence of regulated emerging and masked mycotoxins in rice bran and maize from southeast asia |
| topic | multi-mycotoxin contamination survey feed LC-MS/MS Southeast Asia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/14/8/567 |
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