Evolution of Microstructure and Crystallographic Texture in Deformed and Annealed BCC Metals and Alloys: A Review
Dislocation slips, twinning, shear banding (SBs), strain localization, and martensite formation are a few deformation modes that are activated in BCC metals and alloys. Strain, strain rate, and deformation temperature are other parameters that determine the activation of deformation modes in BCC all...
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| author | Vipin Tandon Ki-Seong Park Rajesh Khatirkar Aman Gupta Shi-Hoon Choi |
| author_facet | Vipin Tandon Ki-Seong Park Rajesh Khatirkar Aman Gupta Shi-Hoon Choi |
| author_sort | Vipin Tandon |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Dislocation slips, twinning, shear banding (SBs), strain localization, and martensite formation are a few deformation modes that are activated in BCC metals and alloys. Strain, strain rate, and deformation temperature are other parameters that determine the activation of deformation modes in BCC alloys. This review focuses on several BCC alloys, such as beta-titanium (β-Ti), tantalum (Ta), and ferritic stainless steels (FSSs), all of which exhibit differences in deformation behavior. These alloys often undergo thermo-mechanical processing (TMP) to enhance their mechanical properties. TMP leads to the evolution of deformation-induced products, such as SBs, strain-induced martensite (SIM), strain localizations, and mechanical/deformation twins (DTs) during plastic deformation, while also influencing crystallographic texture. The deformation modes in β-Ti depend upon the stability of the β-phase (i.e., β-stabilizers); low-stability alloys show the formation of SIM along with slips and twins, whereas in highly stable β-Ti alloys, only slip+twin modes are observed as the primary deformation mechanisms. In the case of Ta, slip activity predominantly occurs on {110} planes, but it can also occur on planes with the highest resolved shear stress. The breakdown of Schmid’s law or non-Schmid behavior for Ta and Ta-W alloys has been discussed in detail. The cold rolling (CR) of FSSs results in the formation of ridges, which is an undesirable phenomenon leading to very low formability. The microstructures of the rolled sheets consist of elongated ferrite grains with in-grain SBs, which are preferentially formed in the γ-fiber-oriented grains. The formation of finer grains after recrystallization improves both the mechanical properties and ridging resistance in FSS. Therefore, this review comprehensively reports on the impact of TMP on the microstructural and crystallographic texture evolution during the plastic deformation and annealing treatment of β-Ti, Ta alloys, and FSSs in BCC materials, using results obtained from electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-747bb826b6f0437387986c0fc2b05e2d2024-02-23T15:27:12ZengMDPI AGMetals2075-47012024-01-0114214910.3390/met14020149Evolution of Microstructure and Crystallographic Texture in Deformed and Annealed BCC Metals and Alloys: A ReviewVipin Tandon0Ki-Seong Park1Rajesh Khatirkar2Aman Gupta3Shi-Hoon Choi4Center of Sustainable Built Environment, Manipal School of Architecture and Planning, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, IndiaDepartment of Advanced Components and Materials Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT)-Nagpur, Nagpur 440010, IndiaDepartment of Advanced Components and Materials Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Advanced Components and Materials Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of KoreaDislocation slips, twinning, shear banding (SBs), strain localization, and martensite formation are a few deformation modes that are activated in BCC metals and alloys. Strain, strain rate, and deformation temperature are other parameters that determine the activation of deformation modes in BCC alloys. This review focuses on several BCC alloys, such as beta-titanium (β-Ti), tantalum (Ta), and ferritic stainless steels (FSSs), all of which exhibit differences in deformation behavior. These alloys often undergo thermo-mechanical processing (TMP) to enhance their mechanical properties. TMP leads to the evolution of deformation-induced products, such as SBs, strain-induced martensite (SIM), strain localizations, and mechanical/deformation twins (DTs) during plastic deformation, while also influencing crystallographic texture. The deformation modes in β-Ti depend upon the stability of the β-phase (i.e., β-stabilizers); low-stability alloys show the formation of SIM along with slips and twins, whereas in highly stable β-Ti alloys, only slip+twin modes are observed as the primary deformation mechanisms. In the case of Ta, slip activity predominantly occurs on {110} planes, but it can also occur on planes with the highest resolved shear stress. The breakdown of Schmid’s law or non-Schmid behavior for Ta and Ta-W alloys has been discussed in detail. The cold rolling (CR) of FSSs results in the formation of ridges, which is an undesirable phenomenon leading to very low formability. The microstructures of the rolled sheets consist of elongated ferrite grains with in-grain SBs, which are preferentially formed in the γ-fiber-oriented grains. The formation of finer grains after recrystallization improves both the mechanical properties and ridging resistance in FSS. Therefore, this review comprehensively reports on the impact of TMP on the microstructural and crystallographic texture evolution during the plastic deformation and annealing treatment of β-Ti, Ta alloys, and FSSs in BCC materials, using results obtained from electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/14/2/149β-TiTa alloysFSStextureEBSDrecrystallization |
| spellingShingle | Vipin Tandon Ki-Seong Park Rajesh Khatirkar Aman Gupta Shi-Hoon Choi Evolution of Microstructure and Crystallographic Texture in Deformed and Annealed BCC Metals and Alloys: A Review Metals β-Ti Ta alloys FSS texture EBSD recrystallization |
| title | Evolution of Microstructure and Crystallographic Texture in Deformed and Annealed BCC Metals and Alloys: A Review |
| title_full | Evolution of Microstructure and Crystallographic Texture in Deformed and Annealed BCC Metals and Alloys: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Evolution of Microstructure and Crystallographic Texture in Deformed and Annealed BCC Metals and Alloys: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evolution of Microstructure and Crystallographic Texture in Deformed and Annealed BCC Metals and Alloys: A Review |
| title_short | Evolution of Microstructure and Crystallographic Texture in Deformed and Annealed BCC Metals and Alloys: A Review |
| title_sort | evolution of microstructure and crystallographic texture in deformed and annealed bcc metals and alloys a review |
| topic | β-Ti Ta alloys FSS texture EBSD recrystallization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/14/2/149 |
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