Immunomodulatory Properties of Polysaccharides from the Coral <i>Pseudopterogorgia americana</i> in Macrophages
Polysaccharides from marine organisms produce an important regulatory effect on the mammalian immune system. In this study, the immunomodulatory properties of a polysaccharide that was isolated from the coral <i>Pseudopterogorgia americana</i> (PPA) were investigated. PPA increased the e...
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| author | Oleg V. Chernikov Hsiao-Wen Chiu Lan-Hui Li Maxim S. Kokoulin Valentina I. Molchanova Hsien-Ta Hsu Chen-Lung Ho Kuo-Feng Hua |
| author_facet | Oleg V. Chernikov Hsiao-Wen Chiu Lan-Hui Li Maxim S. Kokoulin Valentina I. Molchanova Hsien-Ta Hsu Chen-Lung Ho Kuo-Feng Hua |
| author_sort | Oleg V. Chernikov |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Polysaccharides from marine organisms produce an important regulatory effect on the mammalian immune system. In this study, the immunomodulatory properties of a polysaccharide that was isolated from the coral <i>Pseudopterogorgia americana</i> (PPA) were investigated. PPA increased the expression levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), but not inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide, in macrophages. A mechanistic study revealed that PPA activated macrophages through the toll-like receptor-4 and induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased the phosphorylation levels of protein kinase C (PKC)-α, PKC-δ and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and activated NF-κB. The inhibition of ROS and knockdown of PKC-α reduced PPA-mediated TNF-α and IL-6 expression; however, the knockdown of PKC-δ significantly increased PPA-mediated TNF-α expression. In addition, the inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1/2 and NF-κB reduced PPA-mediated TNF-α, IL-6 and COX-2 expression. Furthermore, the inhibition of ROS, MAPK and PKC-α/δ reduced PPA-mediated NF-κB activation, indicating that ROS, MAPK and PKC-α/δ function as upstream signals of NF-κB. Finally, PPA treatment decreased the phagocytosis activity of macrophages and reduced cytokine expression in bacteria-infected macrophages. Taken together, our current findings suggest that PPA can potentially play a role in the development of immune modulators in the future. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:25:50Z |
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| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:25:50Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-747e9565a7bd4f78a22b1b0d2ac7711a2023-11-23T07:39:08ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092021-12-011012353110.3390/cells10123531Immunomodulatory Properties of Polysaccharides from the Coral <i>Pseudopterogorgia americana</i> in MacrophagesOleg V. Chernikov0Hsiao-Wen Chiu1Lan-Hui Li2Maxim S. Kokoulin3Valentina I. Molchanova4Hsien-Ta Hsu5Chen-Lung Ho6Kuo-Feng Hua7G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry FEB RAS, 690022 Vladivostok, RussiaDepartment of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan 260007, TaiwanDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Linsen, Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 108, TaiwanG.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry FEB RAS, 690022 Vladivostok, RussiaG.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry FEB RAS, 690022 Vladivostok, RussiaDivision of Neurosurgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, TaiwanDivision of Wood Cellulose, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei 100051, TaiwanDepartment of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan 260007, TaiwanPolysaccharides from marine organisms produce an important regulatory effect on the mammalian immune system. In this study, the immunomodulatory properties of a polysaccharide that was isolated from the coral <i>Pseudopterogorgia americana</i> (PPA) were investigated. PPA increased the expression levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), but not inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide, in macrophages. A mechanistic study revealed that PPA activated macrophages through the toll-like receptor-4 and induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased the phosphorylation levels of protein kinase C (PKC)-α, PKC-δ and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and activated NF-κB. The inhibition of ROS and knockdown of PKC-α reduced PPA-mediated TNF-α and IL-6 expression; however, the knockdown of PKC-δ significantly increased PPA-mediated TNF-α expression. In addition, the inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1/2 and NF-κB reduced PPA-mediated TNF-α, IL-6 and COX-2 expression. Furthermore, the inhibition of ROS, MAPK and PKC-α/δ reduced PPA-mediated NF-κB activation, indicating that ROS, MAPK and PKC-α/δ function as upstream signals of NF-κB. Finally, PPA treatment decreased the phagocytosis activity of macrophages and reduced cytokine expression in bacteria-infected macrophages. Taken together, our current findings suggest that PPA can potentially play a role in the development of immune modulators in the future.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/12/3531<i>Pseudopterogorgia americana</i>polysaccharidemacrophagesimmune modulation |
| spellingShingle | Oleg V. Chernikov Hsiao-Wen Chiu Lan-Hui Li Maxim S. Kokoulin Valentina I. Molchanova Hsien-Ta Hsu Chen-Lung Ho Kuo-Feng Hua Immunomodulatory Properties of Polysaccharides from the Coral <i>Pseudopterogorgia americana</i> in Macrophages Cells <i>Pseudopterogorgia americana</i> polysaccharide macrophages immune modulation |
| title | Immunomodulatory Properties of Polysaccharides from the Coral <i>Pseudopterogorgia americana</i> in Macrophages |
| title_full | Immunomodulatory Properties of Polysaccharides from the Coral <i>Pseudopterogorgia americana</i> in Macrophages |
| title_fullStr | Immunomodulatory Properties of Polysaccharides from the Coral <i>Pseudopterogorgia americana</i> in Macrophages |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunomodulatory Properties of Polysaccharides from the Coral <i>Pseudopterogorgia americana</i> in Macrophages |
| title_short | Immunomodulatory Properties of Polysaccharides from the Coral <i>Pseudopterogorgia americana</i> in Macrophages |
| title_sort | immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharides from the coral i pseudopterogorgia americana i in macrophages |
| topic | <i>Pseudopterogorgia americana</i> polysaccharide macrophages immune modulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/12/3531 |
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