Nutritional Physiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Cattle under the Influence of Heat Stress: Consequences and Opportunities
Higher milk yield and prolificacy of the modern dairy cattle requires high metabolism activities to support them. It causes high heat production by the body, which coupled with increasing environmental temperatures results in heat stress (HS). Production, health, and welfare of modern cattle are sev...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-05-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/5/793 |
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| author | Abdul Sammad Ya Jing Wang Saqib Umer Hu Lirong Imran Khan Adnan Khan Baseer Ahmad Yachun Wang |
| author_facet | Abdul Sammad Ya Jing Wang Saqib Umer Hu Lirong Imran Khan Adnan Khan Baseer Ahmad Yachun Wang |
| author_sort | Abdul Sammad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Higher milk yield and prolificacy of the modern dairy cattle requires high metabolism activities to support them. It causes high heat production by the body, which coupled with increasing environmental temperatures results in heat stress (HS). Production, health, and welfare of modern cattle are severely jeopardized due to their low adaptability to hot conditions. Animal activates a variety of physiological, endocrine, and behavioral mechanisms to cope with HS. Traditionally, decreased feed intake is considered as the major factor towards negative energy balance (NEBAL) leading to a decline in milk production. However, reciprocal changes related to insulin; glucose metabolism; failure of adipose mobilization; and skeletal muscle metabolism have appeared to be the major culprits behind HS specific NEBAL. There exists high insulin activity and glucose become preferential energy fuel. Physiological biochemistry of the heat stressed cows is characterized by low-fat reserves derived NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids) response, despite high energy demands. Besides these, physiological and gut-associated changes and poor feeding practices can further compromise the welfare and production of the heat-stressed cows. Better understanding of HS specific nutritional physiology and metabolic biochemistry of the dairy cattle will primarily help to devise practical interventions in this context. Proper assessment of the HS in cattle and thereby applying relevant cooling measures at dairy seems to be the basic mitigation approach. Score of the nutritional strategies be applied in the eve of HS should target supporting physiological responses of abatement and fulfilling the deficiencies possessed, such as water and minerals. Second line of abatement constitutes proper feeding, which could augment metabolic activities and synergizes energy support. The third line of supplemental supports should be directed towards modulating the metabolic (propionates, thiazolidinediones, dietary buffers, probiotics, and fermentates) and antioxidant responses (vitamins). Comprehensive understanding of the energetic metabolism dynamics under the impact of incremental heat load and complete outlook of pros and cons of the dietary ameliorating substances together with the discovery of the newer relevant supplementations constitutes the future avenues in this context. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:03:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-749f4ec2007841e18a9767d13c111112 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:03:36Z |
| publishDate | 2020-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-749f4ec2007841e18a9767d13c1111122023-11-19T23:25:43ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152020-05-0110579310.3390/ani10050793Nutritional Physiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Cattle under the Influence of Heat Stress: Consequences and OpportunitiesAbdul Sammad0Ya Jing Wang1Saqib Umer2Hu Lirong3Imran Khan4Adnan Khan5Baseer Ahmad6Yachun Wang7College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaInstitute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaInstitute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaHigher milk yield and prolificacy of the modern dairy cattle requires high metabolism activities to support them. It causes high heat production by the body, which coupled with increasing environmental temperatures results in heat stress (HS). Production, health, and welfare of modern cattle are severely jeopardized due to their low adaptability to hot conditions. Animal activates a variety of physiological, endocrine, and behavioral mechanisms to cope with HS. Traditionally, decreased feed intake is considered as the major factor towards negative energy balance (NEBAL) leading to a decline in milk production. However, reciprocal changes related to insulin; glucose metabolism; failure of adipose mobilization; and skeletal muscle metabolism have appeared to be the major culprits behind HS specific NEBAL. There exists high insulin activity and glucose become preferential energy fuel. Physiological biochemistry of the heat stressed cows is characterized by low-fat reserves derived NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids) response, despite high energy demands. Besides these, physiological and gut-associated changes and poor feeding practices can further compromise the welfare and production of the heat-stressed cows. Better understanding of HS specific nutritional physiology and metabolic biochemistry of the dairy cattle will primarily help to devise practical interventions in this context. Proper assessment of the HS in cattle and thereby applying relevant cooling measures at dairy seems to be the basic mitigation approach. Score of the nutritional strategies be applied in the eve of HS should target supporting physiological responses of abatement and fulfilling the deficiencies possessed, such as water and minerals. Second line of abatement constitutes proper feeding, which could augment metabolic activities and synergizes energy support. The third line of supplemental supports should be directed towards modulating the metabolic (propionates, thiazolidinediones, dietary buffers, probiotics, and fermentates) and antioxidant responses (vitamins). Comprehensive understanding of the energetic metabolism dynamics under the impact of incremental heat load and complete outlook of pros and cons of the dietary ameliorating substances together with the discovery of the newer relevant supplementations constitutes the future avenues in this context.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/5/793heat stressdairy cattlenegative energy balanceenergetic metabolismproductionmitigation |
| spellingShingle | Abdul Sammad Ya Jing Wang Saqib Umer Hu Lirong Imran Khan Adnan Khan Baseer Ahmad Yachun Wang Nutritional Physiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Cattle under the Influence of Heat Stress: Consequences and Opportunities Animals heat stress dairy cattle negative energy balance energetic metabolism production mitigation |
| title | Nutritional Physiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Cattle under the Influence of Heat Stress: Consequences and Opportunities |
| title_full | Nutritional Physiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Cattle under the Influence of Heat Stress: Consequences and Opportunities |
| title_fullStr | Nutritional Physiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Cattle under the Influence of Heat Stress: Consequences and Opportunities |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nutritional Physiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Cattle under the Influence of Heat Stress: Consequences and Opportunities |
| title_short | Nutritional Physiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Cattle under the Influence of Heat Stress: Consequences and Opportunities |
| title_sort | nutritional physiology and biochemistry of dairy cattle under the influence of heat stress consequences and opportunities |
| topic | heat stress dairy cattle negative energy balance energetic metabolism production mitigation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/5/793 |
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