The Significance of Microbial Transformation of Nitrogen Compounds in the Light of Integrated Crop Management
Nitrogen (N) is widely distributed in the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. It is a basic component of every plant cell as well as microorganisms, as a component of proteins, nucleic acids and chlorophyll. It enters soil with organic and mineral fertilizers, plant and animal residu...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-07-01
|
| Series: | Agronomy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/7/1415 |
| _version_ | 1827688085031223296 |
|---|---|
| author | Aleksandra Grzyb Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka Alicja Niewiadomska |
| author_facet | Aleksandra Grzyb Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka Alicja Niewiadomska |
| author_sort | Aleksandra Grzyb |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nitrogen (N) is widely distributed in the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. It is a basic component of every plant cell as well as microorganisms, as a component of proteins, nucleic acids and chlorophyll. It enters soil with organic and mineral fertilizers, plant and animal residues and biological nitrogen fixation. There are various forms of nitrogen in soil, and this element is usually transformed by microorganisms. The transformation of nitrogen compounds (ammonification, nitrification and immobilization) is significantly influenced by climatic conditions and the physicochemical properties of soil. Microbial mineralization of nitrogen organic matter results in the enrichment of soil with this element, which is necessary to generate a yield. The amount of nitrogen entering soil through the mineralization of crop residues ranges from 15 to 45 kg N/ha in cereal residues and from 80 to 144 kg N/ha in winter rape residues. Biological nitrogen fixation can increase the nitrogen content in soil by 30–50 kg/ha/year. In recent decades, the mismanagement of mineral fertilizers has drastically changed the natural balance of the nitrogen cycle. Every year huge amounts of nitrogen compounds enter the aquatic ecosystems and cause their eutrophication. That is why it is important to have adequate knowledge of sustainable fertilization so as to practice integrated crop management. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:48:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-74bec51732ab45e3b255e67a8e8ec915 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:48:53Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-74bec51732ab45e3b255e67a8e8ec9152023-11-22T02:58:51ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952021-07-01117141510.3390/agronomy11071415The Significance of Microbial Transformation of Nitrogen Compounds in the Light of Integrated Crop ManagementAleksandra Grzyb0Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka1Alicja Niewiadomska2Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Szydłowska 50, 60-656 Poznań, PolandDepartment of General and Environmental Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Szydłowska 50, 60-656 Poznań, PolandDepartment of General and Environmental Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Szydłowska 50, 60-656 Poznań, PolandNitrogen (N) is widely distributed in the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. It is a basic component of every plant cell as well as microorganisms, as a component of proteins, nucleic acids and chlorophyll. It enters soil with organic and mineral fertilizers, plant and animal residues and biological nitrogen fixation. There are various forms of nitrogen in soil, and this element is usually transformed by microorganisms. The transformation of nitrogen compounds (ammonification, nitrification and immobilization) is significantly influenced by climatic conditions and the physicochemical properties of soil. Microbial mineralization of nitrogen organic matter results in the enrichment of soil with this element, which is necessary to generate a yield. The amount of nitrogen entering soil through the mineralization of crop residues ranges from 15 to 45 kg N/ha in cereal residues and from 80 to 144 kg N/ha in winter rape residues. Biological nitrogen fixation can increase the nitrogen content in soil by 30–50 kg/ha/year. In recent decades, the mismanagement of mineral fertilizers has drastically changed the natural balance of the nitrogen cycle. Every year huge amounts of nitrogen compounds enter the aquatic ecosystems and cause their eutrophication. That is why it is important to have adequate knowledge of sustainable fertilization so as to practice integrated crop management.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/7/1415nitrogencyclecrop managementfertilizationsoil microorganismsnitrogen transformationscrop residues |
| spellingShingle | Aleksandra Grzyb Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka Alicja Niewiadomska The Significance of Microbial Transformation of Nitrogen Compounds in the Light of Integrated Crop Management Agronomy nitrogencycle crop management fertilization soil microorganisms nitrogen transformations crop residues |
| title | The Significance of Microbial Transformation of Nitrogen Compounds in the Light of Integrated Crop Management |
| title_full | The Significance of Microbial Transformation of Nitrogen Compounds in the Light of Integrated Crop Management |
| title_fullStr | The Significance of Microbial Transformation of Nitrogen Compounds in the Light of Integrated Crop Management |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Significance of Microbial Transformation of Nitrogen Compounds in the Light of Integrated Crop Management |
| title_short | The Significance of Microbial Transformation of Nitrogen Compounds in the Light of Integrated Crop Management |
| title_sort | significance of microbial transformation of nitrogen compounds in the light of integrated crop management |
| topic | nitrogencycle crop management fertilization soil microorganisms nitrogen transformations crop residues |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/7/1415 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT aleksandragrzyb thesignificanceofmicrobialtransformationofnitrogencompoundsinthelightofintegratedcropmanagement AT agnieszkawolnamaruwka thesignificanceofmicrobialtransformationofnitrogencompoundsinthelightofintegratedcropmanagement AT alicjaniewiadomska thesignificanceofmicrobialtransformationofnitrogencompoundsinthelightofintegratedcropmanagement AT aleksandragrzyb significanceofmicrobialtransformationofnitrogencompoundsinthelightofintegratedcropmanagement AT agnieszkawolnamaruwka significanceofmicrobialtransformationofnitrogencompoundsinthelightofintegratedcropmanagement AT alicjaniewiadomska significanceofmicrobialtransformationofnitrogencompoundsinthelightofintegratedcropmanagement |