A 12-Gbps, 0.24-pJ/b/dB PAM-4 Receiver With Dead-Zone Free SS-MMSE PD for CIS Link
This paper presents a PAM-4 receiver (RX) for CMOS image sensor (CIS) link. A robust baud-rate PAM-4 phase detector (PD) is proposed, which alleviates the dead zone issue encountered in the conventional sign-sign Mueller-Muller (SS-MM) PD when combined with an adaptive decision feedback equalizer (D...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2023-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10122941/ |
| _version_ | 1797823428949966848 |
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| author | Minkyo Shim Woonghee Lee Yunhee Lee Kwanseo Park Deog-Kyoon Jeong |
| author_facet | Minkyo Shim Woonghee Lee Yunhee Lee Kwanseo Park Deog-Kyoon Jeong |
| author_sort | Minkyo Shim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper presents a PAM-4 receiver (RX) for CMOS image sensor (CIS) link. A robust baud-rate PAM-4 phase detector (PD) is proposed, which alleviates the dead zone issue encountered in the conventional sign-sign Mueller-Muller (SS-MM) PD when combined with an adaptive decision feedback equalizer (DFE). An optimum and unique locking point is reached by using a sign-sign minimum mean squared error (SS-MMSE) PD with a biased state which exhibits a constant probability for all phase error ranges. The proposed PD with the biased state evades the dead zone and prevents wandering. Furthermore, the phase-detecting transitions of the proposed SS-MMSE PD are 1.5 times higher compared to the conventional SS-MM PD. The proposed solution is verified with a prototype PAM-4 RX chip using 40-nm CMOS technology. It demonstrates a bit error rate (BER) of less than <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10^{-9}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with a 15.8 dB loss channel. The total power consumption is 46.6 mW at 12 Gb/s, achieving a figure of merit (energy efficiency per channel loss at Nyquist frequency) of 0.24 pJ/b/dB. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T10:23:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-74c722b367544a6a9a89ff78dc70ffc3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T10:23:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj.art-74c722b367544a6a9a89ff78dc70ffc32023-05-19T23:00:42ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362023-01-0111465134652110.1109/ACCESS.2023.327544110122941A 12-Gbps, 0.24-pJ/b/dB PAM-4 Receiver With Dead-Zone Free SS-MMSE PD for CIS LinkMinkyo Shim0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5345-6261Woonghee Lee1Yunhee Lee2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1415-7394Kwanseo Park3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4727-9868Deog-Kyoon Jeong4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0436-703XDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South KoreaSK hynix Inc., Icheon, South KoreaDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of System Semiconductor Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South KoreaThis paper presents a PAM-4 receiver (RX) for CMOS image sensor (CIS) link. A robust baud-rate PAM-4 phase detector (PD) is proposed, which alleviates the dead zone issue encountered in the conventional sign-sign Mueller-Muller (SS-MM) PD when combined with an adaptive decision feedback equalizer (DFE). An optimum and unique locking point is reached by using a sign-sign minimum mean squared error (SS-MMSE) PD with a biased state which exhibits a constant probability for all phase error ranges. The proposed PD with the biased state evades the dead zone and prevents wandering. Furthermore, the phase-detecting transitions of the proposed SS-MMSE PD are 1.5 times higher compared to the conventional SS-MM PD. The proposed solution is verified with a prototype PAM-4 RX chip using 40-nm CMOS technology. It demonstrates a bit error rate (BER) of less than <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10^{-9}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with a 15.8 dB loss channel. The total power consumption is 46.6 mW at 12 Gb/s, achieving a figure of merit (energy efficiency per channel loss at Nyquist frequency) of 0.24 pJ/b/dB.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10122941/Adaptive equalizationbaud-rate phase detector (PD)clock and data recovery (CDR)continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE)CMOS image sensor (CIS) linkdead zone |
| spellingShingle | Minkyo Shim Woonghee Lee Yunhee Lee Kwanseo Park Deog-Kyoon Jeong A 12-Gbps, 0.24-pJ/b/dB PAM-4 Receiver With Dead-Zone Free SS-MMSE PD for CIS Link IEEE Access Adaptive equalization baud-rate phase detector (PD) clock and data recovery (CDR) continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE) CMOS image sensor (CIS) link dead zone |
| title | A 12-Gbps, 0.24-pJ/b/dB PAM-4 Receiver With Dead-Zone Free SS-MMSE PD for CIS Link |
| title_full | A 12-Gbps, 0.24-pJ/b/dB PAM-4 Receiver With Dead-Zone Free SS-MMSE PD for CIS Link |
| title_fullStr | A 12-Gbps, 0.24-pJ/b/dB PAM-4 Receiver With Dead-Zone Free SS-MMSE PD for CIS Link |
| title_full_unstemmed | A 12-Gbps, 0.24-pJ/b/dB PAM-4 Receiver With Dead-Zone Free SS-MMSE PD for CIS Link |
| title_short | A 12-Gbps, 0.24-pJ/b/dB PAM-4 Receiver With Dead-Zone Free SS-MMSE PD for CIS Link |
| title_sort | 12 gbps 0 24 pj b db pam 4 receiver with dead zone free ss mmse pd for cis link |
| topic | Adaptive equalization baud-rate phase detector (PD) clock and data recovery (CDR) continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE) CMOS image sensor (CIS) link dead zone |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10122941/ |
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