Natural Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antiproliferative Activities of Ethanolic Extracts from <i>Punica granatum</i> L. Tree Barks Mediated by Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase
The nonedible parts of the pomegranate plant, such as tree barks and fruit peels, have pharmacological properties that are useful in traditional medicine. To increase their value, this study aimed to compare the antioxidative and antibacterial effects of ethanolic extracts from pomegranate barks (PB...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-08-01
|
| Series: | Plants |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/17/2258 |
| _version_ | 1827665263289434112 |
|---|---|
| author | Arpron Leesombun Ladawan Sariya Jarupha Taowan Chowalit Nakthong Orathai Thongjuy Sookruetai Boonmasawai |
| author_facet | Arpron Leesombun Ladawan Sariya Jarupha Taowan Chowalit Nakthong Orathai Thongjuy Sookruetai Boonmasawai |
| author_sort | Arpron Leesombun |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The nonedible parts of the pomegranate plant, such as tree barks and fruit peels, have pharmacological properties that are useful in traditional medicine. To increase their value, this study aimed to compare the antioxidative and antibacterial effects of ethanolic extracts from pomegranate barks (PBE) and peels (PPE). The antiproliferative effects on HeLa and HepG2 cells through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway were also evaluated. The results indicated that the total amounts of phenolics and flavonoids of PBE and PPE were 574.64 and 242.60 mg equivalent gallic acid/g sample and 52.98 and 23.08 mg equivalent quercetin/g sample, respectively. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed that 5-hdroxymethylfurfural was the major component of both PBE (23.76%) and PPE (33.19%). The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate free radical scavenging capacities of PBE and PPE, in terms of the IC<sub>50</sub> value, were 4.1 and 9.6 µg/mL, respectively. PBE had a greater potent antibacterial effect against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis, and <i>S.</i> Typhimurium. PBE and PPE (1000 µg/mL) had exhibited no cytotoxic effects on LLC-MK2. PBE and PPE (250 and 1000 µg/mL, respectively) treatments were safe for BHK-21. Both extracts significantly inhibited HepG2 and HeLa cell proliferations at 10 and 50 µg/mL, respectively (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The results indicated that PBE and PPE have remarkable efficiencies as free radical scavengers and antibacterial agents, with PBE exhibiting greater efficiency. The inhibitory effects on HepG2 might be through the modulation of the ERK1/2 expression. PBE and PPE have the potential for use as optional supplementary antioxidative, antibacterial, and anticancer agents. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:22:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-74d49c5d9f3d4871bc4fc5178960dc44 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:22:57Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-74d49c5d9f3d4871bc4fc5178960dc442023-11-23T13:55:38ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472022-08-011117225810.3390/plants11172258Natural Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antiproliferative Activities of Ethanolic Extracts from <i>Punica granatum</i> L. Tree Barks Mediated by Extracellular Signal-Regulated KinaseArpron Leesombun0Ladawan Sariya1Jarupha Taowan2Chowalit Nakthong3Orathai Thongjuy4Sookruetai Boonmasawai5Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, ThailandThe Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, ThailandThe Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, ThailandDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, ThailandThe Center of Veterinary Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, ThailandDepartment of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, ThailandThe nonedible parts of the pomegranate plant, such as tree barks and fruit peels, have pharmacological properties that are useful in traditional medicine. To increase their value, this study aimed to compare the antioxidative and antibacterial effects of ethanolic extracts from pomegranate barks (PBE) and peels (PPE). The antiproliferative effects on HeLa and HepG2 cells through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway were also evaluated. The results indicated that the total amounts of phenolics and flavonoids of PBE and PPE were 574.64 and 242.60 mg equivalent gallic acid/g sample and 52.98 and 23.08 mg equivalent quercetin/g sample, respectively. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed that 5-hdroxymethylfurfural was the major component of both PBE (23.76%) and PPE (33.19%). The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate free radical scavenging capacities of PBE and PPE, in terms of the IC<sub>50</sub> value, were 4.1 and 9.6 µg/mL, respectively. PBE had a greater potent antibacterial effect against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis, and <i>S.</i> Typhimurium. PBE and PPE (1000 µg/mL) had exhibited no cytotoxic effects on LLC-MK2. PBE and PPE (250 and 1000 µg/mL, respectively) treatments were safe for BHK-21. Both extracts significantly inhibited HepG2 and HeLa cell proliferations at 10 and 50 µg/mL, respectively (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The results indicated that PBE and PPE have remarkable efficiencies as free radical scavengers and antibacterial agents, with PBE exhibiting greater efficiency. The inhibitory effects on HepG2 might be through the modulation of the ERK1/2 expression. PBE and PPE have the potential for use as optional supplementary antioxidative, antibacterial, and anticancer agents.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/17/2258pomegranate tree barkspomegranate fruit peelsanticancerHeLa cellsHepG2 cellsERK1/2 expression |
| spellingShingle | Arpron Leesombun Ladawan Sariya Jarupha Taowan Chowalit Nakthong Orathai Thongjuy Sookruetai Boonmasawai Natural Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antiproliferative Activities of Ethanolic Extracts from <i>Punica granatum</i> L. Tree Barks Mediated by Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Plants pomegranate tree barks pomegranate fruit peels anticancer HeLa cells HepG2 cells ERK1/2 expression |
| title | Natural Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antiproliferative Activities of Ethanolic Extracts from <i>Punica granatum</i> L. Tree Barks Mediated by Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase |
| title_full | Natural Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antiproliferative Activities of Ethanolic Extracts from <i>Punica granatum</i> L. Tree Barks Mediated by Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase |
| title_fullStr | Natural Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antiproliferative Activities of Ethanolic Extracts from <i>Punica granatum</i> L. Tree Barks Mediated by Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase |
| title_full_unstemmed | Natural Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antiproliferative Activities of Ethanolic Extracts from <i>Punica granatum</i> L. Tree Barks Mediated by Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase |
| title_short | Natural Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antiproliferative Activities of Ethanolic Extracts from <i>Punica granatum</i> L. Tree Barks Mediated by Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase |
| title_sort | natural antioxidant antibacterial and antiproliferative activities of ethanolic extracts from i punica granatum i l tree barks mediated by extracellular signal regulated kinase |
| topic | pomegranate tree barks pomegranate fruit peels anticancer HeLa cells HepG2 cells ERK1/2 expression |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/17/2258 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT arpronleesombun naturalantioxidantantibacterialandantiproliferativeactivitiesofethanolicextractsfromipunicagranatumiltreebarksmediatedbyextracellularsignalregulatedkinase AT ladawansariya naturalantioxidantantibacterialandantiproliferativeactivitiesofethanolicextractsfromipunicagranatumiltreebarksmediatedbyextracellularsignalregulatedkinase AT jaruphataowan naturalantioxidantantibacterialandantiproliferativeactivitiesofethanolicextractsfromipunicagranatumiltreebarksmediatedbyextracellularsignalregulatedkinase AT chowalitnakthong naturalantioxidantantibacterialandantiproliferativeactivitiesofethanolicextractsfromipunicagranatumiltreebarksmediatedbyextracellularsignalregulatedkinase AT orathaithongjuy naturalantioxidantantibacterialandantiproliferativeactivitiesofethanolicextractsfromipunicagranatumiltreebarksmediatedbyextracellularsignalregulatedkinase AT sookruetaiboonmasawai naturalantioxidantantibacterialandantiproliferativeactivitiesofethanolicextractsfromipunicagranatumiltreebarksmediatedbyextracellularsignalregulatedkinase |