Environmental Behaviors of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (<i>Bt</i>) Insecticidal Proteins and Their Effects on Microbial Ecology
<i>Bt</i> proteins are crystal proteins produced by <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (<i>Bt</i>) in the early stage of spore formation that exhibit highly specific insecticidal activities. The application of <i>Bt</i> proteins primarily includes <i>...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/9/1212 |
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| author | Yujie Li Cui Wang Lei Ge Cong Hu Guogan Wu Yu Sun Lili Song Xiao Wu Aihu Pan Qinqing Xu Jialiang Shi Jingang Liang Peng Li |
| author_facet | Yujie Li Cui Wang Lei Ge Cong Hu Guogan Wu Yu Sun Lili Song Xiao Wu Aihu Pan Qinqing Xu Jialiang Shi Jingang Liang Peng Li |
| author_sort | Yujie Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Bt</i> proteins are crystal proteins produced by <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (<i>Bt</i>) in the early stage of spore formation that exhibit highly specific insecticidal activities. The application of <i>Bt</i> proteins primarily includes <i>Bt</i> transgenic plants and <i>Bt</i> biopesticides. Transgenic crops with insect resistance (via <i>Bt</i>)/herbicide tolerance comprise the largest global area of agricultural planting. After artificial modification, <i>Bt</i> insecticidal proteins expressed from <i>Bt</i> can be released into soils through root exudates, pollen, and plant residues. In addition, the construction of <i>Bt</i> recombinant engineered strains through genetic engineering has become a major focus of <i>Bt</i> biopesticides, and the expressed <i>Bt</i> proteins will also remain in soil environments. <i>Bt</i> proteins expressed and released by <i>Bt</i> transgenic plants and <i>Bt</i> recombinant strains are structurally and functionally quite different from <i>Bt</i> prototoxins naturally expressed by <i>B. thuringiensis</i> in soils. The former can thus be regarded as an environmentally exogenous substance with insecticidal toxicity that may have potential ecological risks. Consequently, biosafety evaluations must be conducted before field tests and production of <i>Bt</i> plants or recombinant strains. This review summarizes the adsorption, retention, and degradation behavior of <i>Bt</i> insecticidal proteins in soils, in addition to their impacts on soil physical and chemical properties along with soil microbial diversity. The review provides a scientific framework for evaluating the environmental biosafety of <i>Bt</i> transgenic plants, <i>Bt</i> transgenic microorganisms, and their expression products. In addition, prospective research targets, research methods, and evaluation methods are highlighted based on current research of <i>Bt</i> proteins. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:47:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-74db842baae54990a78767280b6fbdad |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:47:54Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-74db842baae54990a78767280b6fbdad2023-11-23T09:03:06ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472022-04-01119121210.3390/plants11091212Environmental Behaviors of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (<i>Bt</i>) Insecticidal Proteins and Their Effects on Microbial EcologyYujie Li0Cui Wang1Lei Ge2Cong Hu3Guogan Wu4Yu Sun5Lili Song6Xiao Wu7Aihu Pan8Qinqing Xu9Jialiang Shi10Jingang Liang11Peng Li12College of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, ChinaBiotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, ChinaBiotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, ChinaBiotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, ChinaBiotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, ChinaBiotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, ChinaBiotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, ChinaBiotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, ChinaBiotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, ChinaShandong County Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jinan 250003, ChinaDezhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dezhou 253000, ChinaDevelopment Center of Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100176, ChinaBiotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China<i>Bt</i> proteins are crystal proteins produced by <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (<i>Bt</i>) in the early stage of spore formation that exhibit highly specific insecticidal activities. The application of <i>Bt</i> proteins primarily includes <i>Bt</i> transgenic plants and <i>Bt</i> biopesticides. Transgenic crops with insect resistance (via <i>Bt</i>)/herbicide tolerance comprise the largest global area of agricultural planting. After artificial modification, <i>Bt</i> insecticidal proteins expressed from <i>Bt</i> can be released into soils through root exudates, pollen, and plant residues. In addition, the construction of <i>Bt</i> recombinant engineered strains through genetic engineering has become a major focus of <i>Bt</i> biopesticides, and the expressed <i>Bt</i> proteins will also remain in soil environments. <i>Bt</i> proteins expressed and released by <i>Bt</i> transgenic plants and <i>Bt</i> recombinant strains are structurally and functionally quite different from <i>Bt</i> prototoxins naturally expressed by <i>B. thuringiensis</i> in soils. The former can thus be regarded as an environmentally exogenous substance with insecticidal toxicity that may have potential ecological risks. Consequently, biosafety evaluations must be conducted before field tests and production of <i>Bt</i> plants or recombinant strains. This review summarizes the adsorption, retention, and degradation behavior of <i>Bt</i> insecticidal proteins in soils, in addition to their impacts on soil physical and chemical properties along with soil microbial diversity. The review provides a scientific framework for evaluating the environmental biosafety of <i>Bt</i> transgenic plants, <i>Bt</i> transgenic microorganisms, and their expression products. In addition, prospective research targets, research methods, and evaluation methods are highlighted based on current research of <i>Bt</i> proteins.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/9/1212<i>Bt</i> insecticide proteinenvironmental behaviors<i>Bt</i> crops<i>Bt</i> biopesticidessoil microorganisms |
| spellingShingle | Yujie Li Cui Wang Lei Ge Cong Hu Guogan Wu Yu Sun Lili Song Xiao Wu Aihu Pan Qinqing Xu Jialiang Shi Jingang Liang Peng Li Environmental Behaviors of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (<i>Bt</i>) Insecticidal Proteins and Their Effects on Microbial Ecology Plants <i>Bt</i> insecticide protein environmental behaviors <i>Bt</i> crops <i>Bt</i> biopesticides soil microorganisms |
| title | Environmental Behaviors of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (<i>Bt</i>) Insecticidal Proteins and Their Effects on Microbial Ecology |
| title_full | Environmental Behaviors of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (<i>Bt</i>) Insecticidal Proteins and Their Effects on Microbial Ecology |
| title_fullStr | Environmental Behaviors of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (<i>Bt</i>) Insecticidal Proteins and Their Effects on Microbial Ecology |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental Behaviors of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (<i>Bt</i>) Insecticidal Proteins and Their Effects on Microbial Ecology |
| title_short | Environmental Behaviors of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (<i>Bt</i>) Insecticidal Proteins and Their Effects on Microbial Ecology |
| title_sort | environmental behaviors of i bacillus thuringiensis i i bt i insecticidal proteins and their effects on microbial ecology |
| topic | <i>Bt</i> insecticide protein environmental behaviors <i>Bt</i> crops <i>Bt</i> biopesticides soil microorganisms |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/9/1212 |
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