Mexican Oregano (<i>Lippia berlandieri</i> Schauer and <i>Poliomintha longiflora</i> Gray) Essential Oils Induce Cell Death by Apoptosis in <i>Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana</i> Promastigotes
Leishmaniasis is a neglected vector-borne disease; there are different manifestations of the diseases and species involved, and cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by <i>Leishmania (L.) mexicana</i> is the most prevalent in Mexico. Currently, the drugs available for the treatment of leishmani...
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| author | Karla Fabiola Chacón-Vargas Luvia Enid Sánchez-Torres Mónica L. Chávez-González Jaime R. Adame-Gallegos Guadalupe Virginia Nevárez-Moorillón |
| author_facet | Karla Fabiola Chacón-Vargas Luvia Enid Sánchez-Torres Mónica L. Chávez-González Jaime R. Adame-Gallegos Guadalupe Virginia Nevárez-Moorillón |
| author_sort | Karla Fabiola Chacón-Vargas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Leishmaniasis is a neglected vector-borne disease; there are different manifestations of the diseases and species involved, and cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by <i>Leishmania (L.) mexicana</i> is the most prevalent in Mexico. Currently, the drugs available for the treatment of leishmaniasis are toxic, expensive, and often ineffective; therefore, it is imperative to carry out research and development of new therapeutic alternatives, with natural products being an attractive option. In particular, oregano is a plant with worldwide distribution; in Mexico, two species: <i>Lippia berlandieri</i> Schauer and <i>Poliomintha longiflora</i> Gray are endemic. Both essential oils (EO’s) have been reported to have antimicrobial activity attributed to their main components, thymol and carvacrol. In this research, the leishmanicidal effect and mechanism of cell death induced by <i>L. berlandieri</i> EO, <i>P. longiflora</i> EO, thymol, and carvacrol in <i>L. mexicana</i> promastigotes were determined in vitro. Additionally, the cytotoxic activity in mammalian cells was evaluated. <i>L. berlandieri</i> EO presented higher leishmanicidal activity (IC<sub>50</sub> = 41.78 µg/mL) than <i>P. longiflora</i> EO (IC<sub>50</sub> = 77.90 µg/mL). Thymol and carvacrol were the major components of both Mexican oregano EO’s. Thymol presented higher leishmanial inhibitory activity (IC<sub>50</sub> = 22.39 µg/mL), above that of carvacrol (IC<sub>50</sub> = 61.52 µg/mL). All the EO’s and compounds evaluated presented lower cytotoxic activity than the reference drug; thymol was the compound with the best selectivity index (SI). In all cases, apoptosis was identified as the main mechanism of death induced in the parasites. The leishmanicidal capacity of the Mexican oregano EO is an accessible and affordable alternative that can be further explored. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T09:51:58Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T09:51:58Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-750b710c9dd744f88fa4564d660083bf2023-12-02T00:04:29ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-08-012716518310.3390/molecules27165183Mexican Oregano (<i>Lippia berlandieri</i> Schauer and <i>Poliomintha longiflora</i> Gray) Essential Oils Induce Cell Death by Apoptosis in <i>Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana</i> PromastigotesKarla Fabiola Chacón-Vargas0Luvia Enid Sánchez-Torres1Mónica L. Chávez-González2Jaime R. Adame-Gallegos3Guadalupe Virginia Nevárez-Moorillón4Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario S/N, Chihuahua 31125, MexicoEscuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, MexicoBioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo 25280, MexicoFacultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario S/N, Chihuahua 31125, MexicoFacultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario S/N, Chihuahua 31125, MexicoLeishmaniasis is a neglected vector-borne disease; there are different manifestations of the diseases and species involved, and cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by <i>Leishmania (L.) mexicana</i> is the most prevalent in Mexico. Currently, the drugs available for the treatment of leishmaniasis are toxic, expensive, and often ineffective; therefore, it is imperative to carry out research and development of new therapeutic alternatives, with natural products being an attractive option. In particular, oregano is a plant with worldwide distribution; in Mexico, two species: <i>Lippia berlandieri</i> Schauer and <i>Poliomintha longiflora</i> Gray are endemic. Both essential oils (EO’s) have been reported to have antimicrobial activity attributed to their main components, thymol and carvacrol. In this research, the leishmanicidal effect and mechanism of cell death induced by <i>L. berlandieri</i> EO, <i>P. longiflora</i> EO, thymol, and carvacrol in <i>L. mexicana</i> promastigotes were determined in vitro. Additionally, the cytotoxic activity in mammalian cells was evaluated. <i>L. berlandieri</i> EO presented higher leishmanicidal activity (IC<sub>50</sub> = 41.78 µg/mL) than <i>P. longiflora</i> EO (IC<sub>50</sub> = 77.90 µg/mL). Thymol and carvacrol were the major components of both Mexican oregano EO’s. Thymol presented higher leishmanial inhibitory activity (IC<sub>50</sub> = 22.39 µg/mL), above that of carvacrol (IC<sub>50</sub> = 61.52 µg/mL). All the EO’s and compounds evaluated presented lower cytotoxic activity than the reference drug; thymol was the compound with the best selectivity index (SI). In all cases, apoptosis was identified as the main mechanism of death induced in the parasites. The leishmanicidal capacity of the Mexican oregano EO is an accessible and affordable alternative that can be further explored.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/16/5183leishmanicidal<i>Lippia berlandieri</i><i>Poliomintha longiflora</i>essential oils |
| spellingShingle | Karla Fabiola Chacón-Vargas Luvia Enid Sánchez-Torres Mónica L. Chávez-González Jaime R. Adame-Gallegos Guadalupe Virginia Nevárez-Moorillón Mexican Oregano (<i>Lippia berlandieri</i> Schauer and <i>Poliomintha longiflora</i> Gray) Essential Oils Induce Cell Death by Apoptosis in <i>Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana</i> Promastigotes Molecules leishmanicidal <i>Lippia berlandieri</i> <i>Poliomintha longiflora</i> essential oils |
| title | Mexican Oregano (<i>Lippia berlandieri</i> Schauer and <i>Poliomintha longiflora</i> Gray) Essential Oils Induce Cell Death by Apoptosis in <i>Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana</i> Promastigotes |
| title_full | Mexican Oregano (<i>Lippia berlandieri</i> Schauer and <i>Poliomintha longiflora</i> Gray) Essential Oils Induce Cell Death by Apoptosis in <i>Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana</i> Promastigotes |
| title_fullStr | Mexican Oregano (<i>Lippia berlandieri</i> Schauer and <i>Poliomintha longiflora</i> Gray) Essential Oils Induce Cell Death by Apoptosis in <i>Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana</i> Promastigotes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mexican Oregano (<i>Lippia berlandieri</i> Schauer and <i>Poliomintha longiflora</i> Gray) Essential Oils Induce Cell Death by Apoptosis in <i>Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana</i> Promastigotes |
| title_short | Mexican Oregano (<i>Lippia berlandieri</i> Schauer and <i>Poliomintha longiflora</i> Gray) Essential Oils Induce Cell Death by Apoptosis in <i>Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana</i> Promastigotes |
| title_sort | mexican oregano i lippia berlandieri i schauer and i poliomintha longiflora i gray essential oils induce cell death by apoptosis in i leishmania leishmania mexicana i promastigotes |
| topic | leishmanicidal <i>Lippia berlandieri</i> <i>Poliomintha longiflora</i> essential oils |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/16/5183 |
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