Injectable Crosslinked Genipin Hybrid Gelatin–PVA Hydrogels for Future Use as Bioinks in Expediting Cutaneous Healing Capacity: Physicochemical Characterisation and Cytotoxicity Evaluation
The irregular shape and depth of wounds could be the major hurdles in wound healing for the common three-dimensional foam, sheet, or film treatment design. The injectable hydrogel is a splendid alternate technique to enhance healing efficiency post-implantation via injectable or 3D-bioprinting techn...
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/10/2651 |
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| author | Syafira Masri Manira Maarof Nor Fatimah Mohd Yosuke Hiraoka Yasuhiko Tabata Mh Busra Fauzi |
| author_facet | Syafira Masri Manira Maarof Nor Fatimah Mohd Yosuke Hiraoka Yasuhiko Tabata Mh Busra Fauzi |
| author_sort | Syafira Masri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The irregular shape and depth of wounds could be the major hurdles in wound healing for the common three-dimensional foam, sheet, or film treatment design. The injectable hydrogel is a splendid alternate technique to enhance healing efficiency post-implantation via injectable or 3D-bioprinting technologies. The authentic combination of natural and synthetic polymers could potentially enhance the injectability and biocompatibility properties. Thus, the purpose of this study was to characterise a hybrid gelatin–PVA hydrogel crosslinked with genipin (GNP; natural crosslinker). In brief, gelatin (GE) and PVA were prepared in various concentrations (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>): GE, GPVA3 (3% PVA), and GPVA5 (5% PVA), followed by a 0.1% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) genipin (GNP) crosslink, to achieve polymerisation in three minutes. The physicochemical and biocompatibility properties were further evaluated. GPVA3_GNP and GPVA5_GNP with GNP demonstrated excellent physicochemical properties compared to GE_GNP and non-crosslinked hydrogels. GPVA5_GNP significantly displayed the optimum swelling ratio (621.1 ± 93.18%) and excellent hydrophilicity (38.51 ± 2.58°). In addition, GPVA5_GNP showed an optimum biodegradation rate (0.02 ± 0.005 mg/h) and the highest mechanical strength with the highest compression modulus (2.14 ± 0.06 MPa). In addition, the surface and cross-sectional view for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) displayed that all of the GPVA hydrogels have optimum average pore sizes (100–199 μm) with interconnected pores. There were no substantial changes in chemical analysis, including FTIR, XRD, and EDX, after PVA and GNP intervention. Furthermore, GPVA hydrogels influenced the cell biocompatibility, which successfully indicated >85% of cell viability. In conclusion, gelatin–PVA hydrogels crosslinked with GNP were proven to have excellent physicochemical, mechanical, and biocompatibility properties, as required for potential bioinks for chronic wound healing. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:37:55Z |
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| id | doaj.art-751acd079b3a42e7b91ccd7484d6fa43 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:37:55Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-751acd079b3a42e7b91ccd7484d6fa432023-11-23T23:06:32ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592022-10-011010265110.3390/biomedicines10102651Injectable Crosslinked Genipin Hybrid Gelatin–PVA Hydrogels for Future Use as Bioinks in Expediting Cutaneous Healing Capacity: Physicochemical Characterisation and Cytotoxicity EvaluationSyafira Masri0Manira Maarof1Nor Fatimah Mohd2Yosuke Hiraoka3Yasuhiko Tabata4Mh Busra Fauzi5Centre for Tissue Engineering Centre and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaCentre for Tissue Engineering Centre and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaKumpulan Perubatan Johor Ampang Puteri Specialist Hospital, Kuala Lumpur 68000, MalaysiaBiomaterial Group, R&D Center, Yao City 581-0000, JapanLaboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Life and Medical Science (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8500, JapanCentre for Tissue Engineering Centre and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, MalaysiaThe irregular shape and depth of wounds could be the major hurdles in wound healing for the common three-dimensional foam, sheet, or film treatment design. The injectable hydrogel is a splendid alternate technique to enhance healing efficiency post-implantation via injectable or 3D-bioprinting technologies. The authentic combination of natural and synthetic polymers could potentially enhance the injectability and biocompatibility properties. Thus, the purpose of this study was to characterise a hybrid gelatin–PVA hydrogel crosslinked with genipin (GNP; natural crosslinker). In brief, gelatin (GE) and PVA were prepared in various concentrations (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>): GE, GPVA3 (3% PVA), and GPVA5 (5% PVA), followed by a 0.1% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) genipin (GNP) crosslink, to achieve polymerisation in three minutes. The physicochemical and biocompatibility properties were further evaluated. GPVA3_GNP and GPVA5_GNP with GNP demonstrated excellent physicochemical properties compared to GE_GNP and non-crosslinked hydrogels. GPVA5_GNP significantly displayed the optimum swelling ratio (621.1 ± 93.18%) and excellent hydrophilicity (38.51 ± 2.58°). In addition, GPVA5_GNP showed an optimum biodegradation rate (0.02 ± 0.005 mg/h) and the highest mechanical strength with the highest compression modulus (2.14 ± 0.06 MPa). In addition, the surface and cross-sectional view for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) displayed that all of the GPVA hydrogels have optimum average pore sizes (100–199 μm) with interconnected pores. There were no substantial changes in chemical analysis, including FTIR, XRD, and EDX, after PVA and GNP intervention. Furthermore, GPVA hydrogels influenced the cell biocompatibility, which successfully indicated >85% of cell viability. In conclusion, gelatin–PVA hydrogels crosslinked with GNP were proven to have excellent physicochemical, mechanical, and biocompatibility properties, as required for potential bioinks for chronic wound healing.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/10/2651injectable hydrogel3D-bioprintingbioinksgelatinPVAskin tissue |
| spellingShingle | Syafira Masri Manira Maarof Nor Fatimah Mohd Yosuke Hiraoka Yasuhiko Tabata Mh Busra Fauzi Injectable Crosslinked Genipin Hybrid Gelatin–PVA Hydrogels for Future Use as Bioinks in Expediting Cutaneous Healing Capacity: Physicochemical Characterisation and Cytotoxicity Evaluation Biomedicines injectable hydrogel 3D-bioprinting bioinks gelatin PVA skin tissue |
| title | Injectable Crosslinked Genipin Hybrid Gelatin–PVA Hydrogels for Future Use as Bioinks in Expediting Cutaneous Healing Capacity: Physicochemical Characterisation and Cytotoxicity Evaluation |
| title_full | Injectable Crosslinked Genipin Hybrid Gelatin–PVA Hydrogels for Future Use as Bioinks in Expediting Cutaneous Healing Capacity: Physicochemical Characterisation and Cytotoxicity Evaluation |
| title_fullStr | Injectable Crosslinked Genipin Hybrid Gelatin–PVA Hydrogels for Future Use as Bioinks in Expediting Cutaneous Healing Capacity: Physicochemical Characterisation and Cytotoxicity Evaluation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Injectable Crosslinked Genipin Hybrid Gelatin–PVA Hydrogels for Future Use as Bioinks in Expediting Cutaneous Healing Capacity: Physicochemical Characterisation and Cytotoxicity Evaluation |
| title_short | Injectable Crosslinked Genipin Hybrid Gelatin–PVA Hydrogels for Future Use as Bioinks in Expediting Cutaneous Healing Capacity: Physicochemical Characterisation and Cytotoxicity Evaluation |
| title_sort | injectable crosslinked genipin hybrid gelatin pva hydrogels for future use as bioinks in expediting cutaneous healing capacity physicochemical characterisation and cytotoxicity evaluation |
| topic | injectable hydrogel 3D-bioprinting bioinks gelatin PVA skin tissue |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/10/2651 |
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