Preparation and Numerical Optimization of TiO<sub>2</sub>:CdS Thin Films in Double Perovskite Solar Cell
This work focuses on preparing TiO<sub>2</sub>, CdS, and composite TiO<sub>2</sub>:CdS thin films for photovoltaic applications by thermal evaporation. The suggested materials exhibit very good optical and electrical properties and can play a significant role in enhancing the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/2/900 |
| _version_ | 1797443082099097600 |
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| author | Ghazi Aman Nowsherwan Aurang Zaib Aqeel Ahmed Shah Mohsin Khan Abdul Shakoor Syed Nizamuddin Shah Bukhari Muhammad Riaz Syed Sajjad Hussain Muhammad Ali Shar Abdulaziz Alhazaa |
| author_facet | Ghazi Aman Nowsherwan Aurang Zaib Aqeel Ahmed Shah Mohsin Khan Abdul Shakoor Syed Nizamuddin Shah Bukhari Muhammad Riaz Syed Sajjad Hussain Muhammad Ali Shar Abdulaziz Alhazaa |
| author_sort | Ghazi Aman Nowsherwan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This work focuses on preparing TiO<sub>2</sub>, CdS, and composite TiO<sub>2</sub>:CdS thin films for photovoltaic applications by thermal evaporation. The suggested materials exhibit very good optical and electrical properties and can play a significant role in enhancing the efficiency of the device. Various microscopy and spectroscopy techniques were considered to investigate the optical, morphological, photoluminescence, and electrical properties. FTIR confirms the material identification by displaying some peaks in the fingerprint region. UV Vis spectroscopy yields high transmission (80–90%) and low absorbance (5–10%) within the spectral region from 500 nm to 800 nm for the composite thin films. The optical band gap values for CdS, TiO<sub>2,</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub>:CdS thin films are 2.42 eV, 3.72 eV, and 3.6 eV. XRD was utilized to analyze the amorphous nature of the thin films, while optical and SEM microscopy were employed to examine the morphological changes caused by the addition of CdS to TiO<sub>2</sub>. The decrease in the bandgap of the composite thin films was determined by the Tauc plot, which is endorsed due to the band tailing effects. Photoluminescence spectroscopy depicts several emission peaks in the visible region when they are excited at different wavelengths, and the electrical measurement enhances the material conductivity. Furthermore, the proposed electron transport materials (TiO<sub>2</sub>, CdS, TiO<sub>2</sub>:CdS) were simulated with different perovskite materials to validate their design by employing the SCAPS-1D program and assess their performance in commercial implementation. The observed results suggest that TiO<sub>2</sub>:CdS is a promising candidate to be used as an ETM in PSC with enhanced productivity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:50:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-751e2a9dc7904bfcb188f7ec6e9f4d6d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:50:59Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-751e2a9dc7904bfcb188f7ec6e9f4d6d2023-11-30T22:05:41ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732023-01-0116290010.3390/en16020900Preparation and Numerical Optimization of TiO<sub>2</sub>:CdS Thin Films in Double Perovskite Solar CellGhazi Aman Nowsherwan0Aurang Zaib1Aqeel Ahmed Shah2Mohsin Khan3Abdul Shakoor4Syed Nizamuddin Shah Bukhari5Muhammad Riaz6Syed Sajjad Hussain7Muhammad Ali Shar8Abdulaziz Alhazaa9Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, PakistanCentre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, PakistanWet Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75720, PakistanCentre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, PakistanDepartment of Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, PakistanDepartment of Basic Science and Humanities, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 74800, PakistanCentre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, PakistanCentre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical & Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UKDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaThis work focuses on preparing TiO<sub>2</sub>, CdS, and composite TiO<sub>2</sub>:CdS thin films for photovoltaic applications by thermal evaporation. The suggested materials exhibit very good optical and electrical properties and can play a significant role in enhancing the efficiency of the device. Various microscopy and spectroscopy techniques were considered to investigate the optical, morphological, photoluminescence, and electrical properties. FTIR confirms the material identification by displaying some peaks in the fingerprint region. UV Vis spectroscopy yields high transmission (80–90%) and low absorbance (5–10%) within the spectral region from 500 nm to 800 nm for the composite thin films. The optical band gap values for CdS, TiO<sub>2,</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub>:CdS thin films are 2.42 eV, 3.72 eV, and 3.6 eV. XRD was utilized to analyze the amorphous nature of the thin films, while optical and SEM microscopy were employed to examine the morphological changes caused by the addition of CdS to TiO<sub>2</sub>. The decrease in the bandgap of the composite thin films was determined by the Tauc plot, which is endorsed due to the band tailing effects. Photoluminescence spectroscopy depicts several emission peaks in the visible region when they are excited at different wavelengths, and the electrical measurement enhances the material conductivity. Furthermore, the proposed electron transport materials (TiO<sub>2</sub>, CdS, TiO<sub>2</sub>:CdS) were simulated with different perovskite materials to validate their design by employing the SCAPS-1D program and assess their performance in commercial implementation. The observed results suggest that TiO<sub>2</sub>:CdS is a promising candidate to be used as an ETM in PSC with enhanced productivity.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/2/900thin films perovskite solar cellelectron transport materialtitaniacadmium sulphide |
| spellingShingle | Ghazi Aman Nowsherwan Aurang Zaib Aqeel Ahmed Shah Mohsin Khan Abdul Shakoor Syed Nizamuddin Shah Bukhari Muhammad Riaz Syed Sajjad Hussain Muhammad Ali Shar Abdulaziz Alhazaa Preparation and Numerical Optimization of TiO<sub>2</sub>:CdS Thin Films in Double Perovskite Solar Cell Energies thin films perovskite solar cell electron transport material titania cadmium sulphide |
| title | Preparation and Numerical Optimization of TiO<sub>2</sub>:CdS Thin Films in Double Perovskite Solar Cell |
| title_full | Preparation and Numerical Optimization of TiO<sub>2</sub>:CdS Thin Films in Double Perovskite Solar Cell |
| title_fullStr | Preparation and Numerical Optimization of TiO<sub>2</sub>:CdS Thin Films in Double Perovskite Solar Cell |
| title_full_unstemmed | Preparation and Numerical Optimization of TiO<sub>2</sub>:CdS Thin Films in Double Perovskite Solar Cell |
| title_short | Preparation and Numerical Optimization of TiO<sub>2</sub>:CdS Thin Films in Double Perovskite Solar Cell |
| title_sort | preparation and numerical optimization of tio sub 2 sub cds thin films in double perovskite solar cell |
| topic | thin films perovskite solar cell electron transport material titania cadmium sulphide |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/2/900 |
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