The Impact of Low-Level Benzalkonium Chloride Exposure on <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. Strains and Control by Photoinactivation
Exposure of bacteria to low concentrations of biocides can facilitate horizontal gene transfer, which may lead to bacterial adaptive responses and resistance to antimicrobial agents. The emergence of antibacterial resistance not only poses a significant concern to the dairy industry but also adds to...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/8/1244 |
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| author | Erika C. R. Bonsaglia Gustavo H. Calvo Daniel O. Sordelli Nathalia C. C. Silva Vera L. M. Rall Adriana Casas Fernanda Buzzola |
| author_facet | Erika C. R. Bonsaglia Gustavo H. Calvo Daniel O. Sordelli Nathalia C. C. Silva Vera L. M. Rall Adriana Casas Fernanda Buzzola |
| author_sort | Erika C. R. Bonsaglia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Exposure of bacteria to low concentrations of biocides can facilitate horizontal gene transfer, which may lead to bacterial adaptive responses and resistance to antimicrobial agents. The emergence of antibacterial resistance not only poses a significant concern to the dairy industry but also adds to the complexity and cost of mastitis treatment. This study was aimed to evaluate how selective stress induced by benzalkonium chloride (BC) promotes antibiotic non-susceptibility in <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. In addition, we investigated the efficacy of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) in both resistant and susceptible strains. The study determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BC using the broth microdilution method for different <i>Staphylococcus</i> strains. The experiments involved pairing strains carrying the <i>qac</i>A/<i>qac</i>C resistance genes with susceptible strains and exposing them to subinhibitory concentrations of BC for 72 h. The recovered isolates were tested for MIC BC and subjected to disc diffusion tests to assess changes in susceptibility patterns. The results demonstrated that subinhibitory concentrations of BC could select strains with reduced susceptibility and antibiotic resistance, particularly in the presence of <i>S. pasteuri</i>. The results of PDI mediated by toluidine blue (100 µM) followed by 60 min irradiation (total light dose of 2.5 J/cm<sup>2</sup>) were highly effective, showing complete inactivation for some bacterial strains and a reduction of up to 5 logs in others. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:11:34Z |
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| id | doaj.art-75594e2d762d4df5a6f5e3708d9b0c17 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:11:34Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-75594e2d762d4df5a6f5e3708d9b0c172023-11-18T23:58:54ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822023-07-01128124410.3390/antibiotics12081244The Impact of Low-Level Benzalkonium Chloride Exposure on <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. Strains and Control by PhotoinactivationErika C. R. Bonsaglia0Gustavo H. Calvo1Daniel O. Sordelli2Nathalia C. C. Silva3Vera L. M. Rall4Adriana Casas5Fernanda Buzzola6Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1121, ArgentinaInstituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1121, ArgentinaInstituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1121, ArgentinaDepartment of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, BrazilDepartment of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-691, BrazilCentro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1121, ArgentinaInstituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 1121, ArgentinaExposure of bacteria to low concentrations of biocides can facilitate horizontal gene transfer, which may lead to bacterial adaptive responses and resistance to antimicrobial agents. The emergence of antibacterial resistance not only poses a significant concern to the dairy industry but also adds to the complexity and cost of mastitis treatment. This study was aimed to evaluate how selective stress induced by benzalkonium chloride (BC) promotes antibiotic non-susceptibility in <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. In addition, we investigated the efficacy of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) in both resistant and susceptible strains. The study determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BC using the broth microdilution method for different <i>Staphylococcus</i> strains. The experiments involved pairing strains carrying the <i>qac</i>A/<i>qac</i>C resistance genes with susceptible strains and exposing them to subinhibitory concentrations of BC for 72 h. The recovered isolates were tested for MIC BC and subjected to disc diffusion tests to assess changes in susceptibility patterns. The results demonstrated that subinhibitory concentrations of BC could select strains with reduced susceptibility and antibiotic resistance, particularly in the presence of <i>S. pasteuri</i>. The results of PDI mediated by toluidine blue (100 µM) followed by 60 min irradiation (total light dose of 2.5 J/cm<sup>2</sup>) were highly effective, showing complete inactivation for some bacterial strains and a reduction of up to 5 logs in others.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/8/1244<i>Staphylococcus</i> sp.antimicrobial resistancephotodynamic inactivation |
| spellingShingle | Erika C. R. Bonsaglia Gustavo H. Calvo Daniel O. Sordelli Nathalia C. C. Silva Vera L. M. Rall Adriana Casas Fernanda Buzzola The Impact of Low-Level Benzalkonium Chloride Exposure on <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. Strains and Control by Photoinactivation Antibiotics <i>Staphylococcus</i> sp. antimicrobial resistance photodynamic inactivation |
| title | The Impact of Low-Level Benzalkonium Chloride Exposure on <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. Strains and Control by Photoinactivation |
| title_full | The Impact of Low-Level Benzalkonium Chloride Exposure on <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. Strains and Control by Photoinactivation |
| title_fullStr | The Impact of Low-Level Benzalkonium Chloride Exposure on <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. Strains and Control by Photoinactivation |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Impact of Low-Level Benzalkonium Chloride Exposure on <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. Strains and Control by Photoinactivation |
| title_short | The Impact of Low-Level Benzalkonium Chloride Exposure on <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. Strains and Control by Photoinactivation |
| title_sort | impact of low level benzalkonium chloride exposure on i staphylococcus i spp strains and control by photoinactivation |
| topic | <i>Staphylococcus</i> sp. antimicrobial resistance photodynamic inactivation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/8/1244 |
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