| Summary: | Modifying inflorescence architecture improves grain number and grain weight in bread wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>). Allelic variation in <i>Grain Number Increase 1</i> (<i>GNI-A1</i>) genes, encoding a homeodomain leucine zipper class I transcription factor, influences grain number and yield. However, allelic information about <i>GNI-A1</i> in diverse germplasms remains limited. Here, we investigated <i>GNI-A1</i> alleles in a panel of 252 diverse bread wheat accessions (NBRP core collection and HRO breeder’s panel) by target resequencing. Cultivars carrying the reduced-function allele (105Y) were predominant in the NBRP panel, whereas the 105N functional allele was the major type in the HRO panel. Cultivars with the 105Y allele were distributed in Asian landraces but not in European genotypes. Association analysis demonstrated that floret fertility, together with grain size, were improved in cultivars in the NBRP core collection carrying the 105Y allele. These results imply that different alleles of <i>GNI-A1</i> have been locally selected, with the 105Y allele selected in East Asia and the 105N allele selected in Europe.
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