Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus Ecology
Avian influenza is one of the largest known threats to domestic poultry. Influenza outbreaks on poultry farms typically lead to the complete slaughter of the entire domestic bird population, causing severe economic losses worldwide. Moreover, there are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strain...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/5/630 |
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| author | Artem Blagodatski Kseniya Trutneva Olga Glazova Olga Mityaeva Liudmila Shevkova Evgenii Kegeles Nikita Onyanov Kseniia Fede Anna Maznina Elena Khavina Seon-Ju Yeo Hyun Park Pavel Volchkov |
| author_facet | Artem Blagodatski Kseniya Trutneva Olga Glazova Olga Mityaeva Liudmila Shevkova Evgenii Kegeles Nikita Onyanov Kseniia Fede Anna Maznina Elena Khavina Seon-Ju Yeo Hyun Park Pavel Volchkov |
| author_sort | Artem Blagodatski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Avian influenza is one of the largest known threats to domestic poultry. Influenza outbreaks on poultry farms typically lead to the complete slaughter of the entire domestic bird population, causing severe economic losses worldwide. Moreover, there are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains that are able to infect the swine or human population in addition to their primary avian host and, as such, have the potential of being a global zoonotic and pandemic threat. Migratory birds, especially waterfowl, are a natural reservoir of the avian influenza virus; they carry and exchange different virus strains along their migration routes, leading to antigenic drift and antigenic shift, which results in the emergence of novel HPAI viruses. This requires monitoring over time and in different locations to allow for the upkeep of relevant knowledge on avian influenza virus evolution and the prevention of novel epizootic and epidemic outbreaks. In this review, we assess the role of migratory birds in the spread and introduction of influenza strains on a global level, based on recent data. Our analysis sheds light on the details of viral dissemination linked to avian migration, the viral exchange between migratory waterfowl and domestic poultry, virus ecology in general, and viral evolution as a process tightly linked to bird migration. We also provide insight into methods used to detect and quantify avian influenza in the wild. This review may be beneficial for the influenza research community and may pave the way to novel strategies of avian influenza and HPAI zoonosis outbreak monitoring and prevention. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:14:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7565507992984c7aa1c229f54779a692 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:14:16Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-7565507992984c7aa1c229f54779a6922023-11-21T20:32:53ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172021-05-0110563010.3390/pathogens10050630Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus EcologyArtem Blagodatski0Kseniya Trutneva1Olga Glazova2Olga Mityaeva3Liudmila Shevkova4Evgenii Kegeles5Nikita Onyanov6Kseniia Fede7Anna Maznina8Elena Khavina9Seon-Ju Yeo10Hyun Park11Pavel Volchkov12Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudniy, RussiaLife Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudniy, RussiaLife Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudniy, RussiaLife Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudniy, RussiaLife Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudniy, RussiaLife Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudniy, RussiaLife Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudniy, RussiaLife Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudniy, RussiaLife Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudniy, RussiaLife Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudniy, RussiaDepartment of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, KoreaZoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, KoreaLife Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudniy, RussiaAvian influenza is one of the largest known threats to domestic poultry. Influenza outbreaks on poultry farms typically lead to the complete slaughter of the entire domestic bird population, causing severe economic losses worldwide. Moreover, there are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains that are able to infect the swine or human population in addition to their primary avian host and, as such, have the potential of being a global zoonotic and pandemic threat. Migratory birds, especially waterfowl, are a natural reservoir of the avian influenza virus; they carry and exchange different virus strains along their migration routes, leading to antigenic drift and antigenic shift, which results in the emergence of novel HPAI viruses. This requires monitoring over time and in different locations to allow for the upkeep of relevant knowledge on avian influenza virus evolution and the prevention of novel epizootic and epidemic outbreaks. In this review, we assess the role of migratory birds in the spread and introduction of influenza strains on a global level, based on recent data. Our analysis sheds light on the details of viral dissemination linked to avian migration, the viral exchange between migratory waterfowl and domestic poultry, virus ecology in general, and viral evolution as a process tightly linked to bird migration. We also provide insight into methods used to detect and quantify avian influenza in the wild. This review may be beneficial for the influenza research community and may pave the way to novel strategies of avian influenza and HPAI zoonosis outbreak monitoring and prevention.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/5/630avian influenzainfluenza disseminationinfluenza strainsinfluenza monitoringinfluenza ecologyavian influenza management |
| spellingShingle | Artem Blagodatski Kseniya Trutneva Olga Glazova Olga Mityaeva Liudmila Shevkova Evgenii Kegeles Nikita Onyanov Kseniia Fede Anna Maznina Elena Khavina Seon-Ju Yeo Hyun Park Pavel Volchkov Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus Ecology Pathogens avian influenza influenza dissemination influenza strains influenza monitoring influenza ecology avian influenza management |
| title | Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus Ecology |
| title_full | Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus Ecology |
| title_fullStr | Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus Ecology |
| title_full_unstemmed | Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus Ecology |
| title_short | Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus Ecology |
| title_sort | avian influenza in wild birds and poultry dissemination pathways monitoring methods and virus ecology |
| topic | avian influenza influenza dissemination influenza strains influenza monitoring influenza ecology avian influenza management |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/5/630 |
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