Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Ameliorates the Aluminium Chloride-Induced Neurovascular Dysfunction-Associated Vascular Dementia in Rats
Neurovascular dysfunction leads to the second most common type of dementia, i.e., vascular dementia (VaD). Toxic metals, such as aluminium, increase the risk of neurovascular dysfunction-associated VaD. Hence, we hypothesized that a natural antioxidant derived from palm oil, i.e., tocotrienol-rich f...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceuticals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/16/6/828 |
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| author | Sohrab A. Shaikh Arunachalam Muthuraman |
| author_facet | Sohrab A. Shaikh Arunachalam Muthuraman |
| author_sort | Sohrab A. Shaikh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Neurovascular dysfunction leads to the second most common type of dementia, i.e., vascular dementia (VaD). Toxic metals, such as aluminium, increase the risk of neurovascular dysfunction-associated VaD. Hence, we hypothesized that a natural antioxidant derived from palm oil, i.e., tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF), can attenuate the aluminium chloride (AlCl<sub>3</sub>)-induced VaD in rats. Rats were induced with AlCl<sub>3</sub> (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for seven days followed by TRF treatment for twenty-one days. The elevated plus maze test was performed for memory assessment. Serum nitrite and plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were measured as biomarkers for endothelial dysfunction and small vessel disease determination. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) was determined as brain oxidative stress marker. Platelet-derived growth factor-C (PDGF-C) expression in the hippocampus was identified using immunohistochemistry for detecting the neovascularisation process. AlCl<sub>3</sub> showed a significant decrease in memory and serum nitrite levels, while MPO and TBARS levels were increased; moreover, PDGF-C was not expressed in the hippocampus. However, TRF treatment significantly improved memory, increased serum nitrite, decreased MPO and TBARS, and expressed PDGF-C in hippocampus. Thus, the results imply that TRF reduces brain oxidative stress, improves endothelial function, facilitates hippocampus PDGF-C expression for neovascularisation process, protects neurons, and improves memory in neurovascular dysfunction-associated VaD rats. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:03:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7565f1511baa43539624bfe215e957b0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:03:15Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceuticals |
| spelling | doaj.art-7565f1511baa43539624bfe215e957b02023-11-18T12:02:05ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472023-06-0116682810.3390/ph16060828Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Ameliorates the Aluminium Chloride-Induced Neurovascular Dysfunction-Associated Vascular Dementia in RatsSohrab A. Shaikh0Arunachalam Muthuraman1Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong 08100, Kedah, MalaysiaPharmacology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong 08100, Kedah, MalaysiaNeurovascular dysfunction leads to the second most common type of dementia, i.e., vascular dementia (VaD). Toxic metals, such as aluminium, increase the risk of neurovascular dysfunction-associated VaD. Hence, we hypothesized that a natural antioxidant derived from palm oil, i.e., tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF), can attenuate the aluminium chloride (AlCl<sub>3</sub>)-induced VaD in rats. Rats were induced with AlCl<sub>3</sub> (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for seven days followed by TRF treatment for twenty-one days. The elevated plus maze test was performed for memory assessment. Serum nitrite and plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were measured as biomarkers for endothelial dysfunction and small vessel disease determination. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) was determined as brain oxidative stress marker. Platelet-derived growth factor-C (PDGF-C) expression in the hippocampus was identified using immunohistochemistry for detecting the neovascularisation process. AlCl<sub>3</sub> showed a significant decrease in memory and serum nitrite levels, while MPO and TBARS levels were increased; moreover, PDGF-C was not expressed in the hippocampus. However, TRF treatment significantly improved memory, increased serum nitrite, decreased MPO and TBARS, and expressed PDGF-C in hippocampus. Thus, the results imply that TRF reduces brain oxidative stress, improves endothelial function, facilitates hippocampus PDGF-C expression for neovascularisation process, protects neurons, and improves memory in neurovascular dysfunction-associated VaD rats.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/16/6/828endothelial dysfunctionmyeloperoxidaseplatelet-derived growth factor-Cserum nitritetocotrienol-rich fractionvascular dementia |
| spellingShingle | Sohrab A. Shaikh Arunachalam Muthuraman Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Ameliorates the Aluminium Chloride-Induced Neurovascular Dysfunction-Associated Vascular Dementia in Rats Pharmaceuticals endothelial dysfunction myeloperoxidase platelet-derived growth factor-C serum nitrite tocotrienol-rich fraction vascular dementia |
| title | Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Ameliorates the Aluminium Chloride-Induced Neurovascular Dysfunction-Associated Vascular Dementia in Rats |
| title_full | Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Ameliorates the Aluminium Chloride-Induced Neurovascular Dysfunction-Associated Vascular Dementia in Rats |
| title_fullStr | Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Ameliorates the Aluminium Chloride-Induced Neurovascular Dysfunction-Associated Vascular Dementia in Rats |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Ameliorates the Aluminium Chloride-Induced Neurovascular Dysfunction-Associated Vascular Dementia in Rats |
| title_short | Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Ameliorates the Aluminium Chloride-Induced Neurovascular Dysfunction-Associated Vascular Dementia in Rats |
| title_sort | tocotrienol rich fraction ameliorates the aluminium chloride induced neurovascular dysfunction associated vascular dementia in rats |
| topic | endothelial dysfunction myeloperoxidase platelet-derived growth factor-C serum nitrite tocotrienol-rich fraction vascular dementia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/16/6/828 |
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