Impregnation Properties of Nigerian-Grown <i>Gmelina arborea</i> Roxb. Wood
The success of any wood treatment process and the measure of protection conferred on treated wood are determined by the uptake and penetration of the treatment chemicals, in addition to the efficacy of the chemicals used for the treatment. Hence, the level of treatability of wood species should be p...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/12/2036 |
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| author | Samuel Oluyinka Olaniran Sophie Löning Andreas Buschalsky Holger Militz |
| author_facet | Samuel Oluyinka Olaniran Sophie Löning Andreas Buschalsky Holger Militz |
| author_sort | Samuel Oluyinka Olaniran |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The success of any wood treatment process and the measure of protection conferred on treated wood are determined by the uptake and penetration of the treatment chemicals, in addition to the efficacy of the chemicals used for the treatment. Hence, the level of treatability of wood species should be pre-determined prior to the wood treatment to ensure the overall protection of the treated wood. <i>Gmelina arborea</i> wood, due to its low durability, requires impregnation with chemicals for preservation or chemical modification to enhance its durability. However, more details are required to establish the influence of its anatomy on impregnation to recommend appropriate treatment methods. Therefore, gmelina wood samples were treated under pressure to determine the solution uptake and penetration, while anatomical studies were carried out with light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements. Variations in stem heights, stem diameters, and samples from other tree stands were considered. The outcome of the study showed that the liquid uptake was generally low for gmelina wood among the selected stands (16%–23%) and there was no significant difference in stem diameters; meanwhile, penetration was less than 4 mm in the axial direction, and very low in the lateral (radial and tangential) direction. Vessels of gmelina wood have abundant tyloses, while crystalline structures with needlelike shapes are present in a large proportion of the ray parenchyma cells, and are confirmed with SEM-EDX to be made up of calcium oxalate. The low liquid uptake and penetration in gmelina wood suggest that the impregnation of chemicals into its microstructure is next to impossible. Hence, alternative treatment methods other than those involving impregnation with chemicals should be sought to enhance its durability. |
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-75db07bd06a14be697dcccc5d4bd2806 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:38:15Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-75db07bd06a14be697dcccc5d4bd28062023-11-24T14:54:18ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072022-11-011312203610.3390/f13122036Impregnation Properties of Nigerian-Grown <i>Gmelina arborea</i> Roxb. WoodSamuel Oluyinka Olaniran0Sophie Löning1Andreas Buschalsky2Holger Militz3Wood Biology and Wood Products, Georg-August-Universität, Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, GermanyWood Biology and Wood Products, Georg-August-Universität, Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, GermanyWood Biology and Wood Products, Georg-August-Universität, Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, GermanyWood Biology and Wood Products, Georg-August-Universität, Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, GermanyThe success of any wood treatment process and the measure of protection conferred on treated wood are determined by the uptake and penetration of the treatment chemicals, in addition to the efficacy of the chemicals used for the treatment. Hence, the level of treatability of wood species should be pre-determined prior to the wood treatment to ensure the overall protection of the treated wood. <i>Gmelina arborea</i> wood, due to its low durability, requires impregnation with chemicals for preservation or chemical modification to enhance its durability. However, more details are required to establish the influence of its anatomy on impregnation to recommend appropriate treatment methods. Therefore, gmelina wood samples were treated under pressure to determine the solution uptake and penetration, while anatomical studies were carried out with light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements. Variations in stem heights, stem diameters, and samples from other tree stands were considered. The outcome of the study showed that the liquid uptake was generally low for gmelina wood among the selected stands (16%–23%) and there was no significant difference in stem diameters; meanwhile, penetration was less than 4 mm in the axial direction, and very low in the lateral (radial and tangential) direction. Vessels of gmelina wood have abundant tyloses, while crystalline structures with needlelike shapes are present in a large proportion of the ray parenchyma cells, and are confirmed with SEM-EDX to be made up of calcium oxalate. The low liquid uptake and penetration in gmelina wood suggest that the impregnation of chemicals into its microstructure is next to impossible. Hence, alternative treatment methods other than those involving impregnation with chemicals should be sought to enhance its durability.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/12/2036Gmelina woodimpregnationanatomyNigerian-grownuptakelight microscopy |
| spellingShingle | Samuel Oluyinka Olaniran Sophie Löning Andreas Buschalsky Holger Militz Impregnation Properties of Nigerian-Grown <i>Gmelina arborea</i> Roxb. Wood Forests Gmelina wood impregnation anatomy Nigerian-grown uptake light microscopy |
| title | Impregnation Properties of Nigerian-Grown <i>Gmelina arborea</i> Roxb. Wood |
| title_full | Impregnation Properties of Nigerian-Grown <i>Gmelina arborea</i> Roxb. Wood |
| title_fullStr | Impregnation Properties of Nigerian-Grown <i>Gmelina arborea</i> Roxb. Wood |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impregnation Properties of Nigerian-Grown <i>Gmelina arborea</i> Roxb. Wood |
| title_short | Impregnation Properties of Nigerian-Grown <i>Gmelina arborea</i> Roxb. Wood |
| title_sort | impregnation properties of nigerian grown i gmelina arborea i roxb wood |
| topic | Gmelina wood impregnation anatomy Nigerian-grown uptake light microscopy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/12/2036 |
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