| Summary: | Fungi can synthesize a wealth of secondary metabolites, which are widely used in the exploration of lead compounds of pharmaceutical or agricultural importance. <i>Beauveria</i>, <i>Metarhizium</i>, and <i>Cordyceps</i> are the most extensively studied fungi in which a large number of biologically active metabolites have been identified. However, relatively little attention has been paid to <i>Purpureocillium lilacinum</i>. <i>P. lilacinum</i> are soil-habituated fungi that are widely distributed in nature and are very important biocontrol fungi in agriculture, providing good biological control of plant parasitic nematodes and having a significant effect on <i>Aphidoidea</i>, <i>T</i><i>etranychus cinnbarinus</i>, and <i>Aleyrodidae</i>. At the same time, it produces secondary metabolites with various biological activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial, and insecticidal. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the secondary metabolites of <i>P. lilacinum</i>, with emphasis on the chemical diversity and biological activity of these secondary metabolites and the biosynthetic pathways, and gives new insight into the secondary metabolites of medical and entomogenous fungi, which is expected to provide a reference for the development of medicine and agrochemicals in the future.
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