Barley-Based Cropping Systems and Weed Control Strategies Influence Weed Infestation, Soil Properties and Barley Productivity
Barley-based cropping systems (BCS) alter barley production by influencing weed infestation rates and soil nutrient dynamics. This two-year field study evaluated the interactive effects of five BCS and five weed control strategies (WCS) on soil properties and the growth and yield of barley. Barley w...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/4/487 |
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| author | Muhammad Naeem Waqas Ahmed Minhas Shahid Hussain Sami Ul-Allah Muhammad Farooq Shahid Farooq Mubshar Hussain |
| author_facet | Muhammad Naeem Waqas Ahmed Minhas Shahid Hussain Sami Ul-Allah Muhammad Farooq Shahid Farooq Mubshar Hussain |
| author_sort | Muhammad Naeem |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Barley-based cropping systems (BCS) alter barley production by influencing weed infestation rates and soil nutrient dynamics. This two-year field study evaluated the interactive effects of five BCS and five weed control strategies (WCS) on soil properties and the growth and yield of barley. Barley was planted in five different cropping systems, i.e., fallow-barley (FB), maize-barley (MaB), cotton-barley (CB), mungbean-barley (MuB) and sorghum-barley (SB). Similarly, five different WCS, weed-free (control, WF), weedy-check (control, WC), false seedbeds (FS), chemical control (CC) and use of allelopathic water extracts (AWE), were included in the study. The SB system had the highest soil bulk density (1.48 and 1.47 g cm<sup>−3</sup> during the period 2017–2018 and 2018–2019, respectively) and lowest total soil porosity (41.40 and 41.07% during the period 2017–2018 and 2018–2019, respectively). However, WCS remained non-significant for bulk density and total soil porosity during both years of the study. Barley with WF had a higher leaf area index (5.28 and 4.75) and specific leaf area (65.5 and 64.9 cm<sup>−2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>) compared with barley grown under WC. The MuB system under WC had the highest values of extractable NH<sub>4</sub>-N (5.42 and 5.58 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), NO<sub>3</sub>-N (5.79 and 5.93 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), P (19.9 and 19.5 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), and K (195.6 and 194.3 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) with statistically similar NO<sub>3</sub>-N in the MaB system under WC and extractable K in the MuB system under FS. Grain yield ranged between 2.8–3.2 and 2.9–3.3 t ha<sup>−1</sup> during the period 2017–2018 and 2018–2019, respectively, among different WCS. Similarly, grain yield ranged between 2.9–3.2 and 3.0–3.2 t ha<sup>−1</sup> during the period 2017–2018 and 2018–2019, respectively, within different BCS. Among WCS, the highest grain yield (3.29 and 3.32 t ha<sup>−1</sup>) along with yield-related traits of barley were in WF as compared to WC. Overall, MuB system recorded better yield and yield-related traits, whereas the lowest values of these traits were recorded for FB systems. In conclusion, the MuB system with WF improved soil characteristics and barley yield over other cropping systems. The AWE significantly suppressed weeds and was equally effective as the chemical control. Therefore, MuB and AWE could be used to improve barley productivity and suppress weeds infestation. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:19:13Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
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| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-762b0291b1244a178f069cd6646923b32023-12-01T00:23:56ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722022-03-0112448710.3390/agriculture12040487Barley-Based Cropping Systems and Weed Control Strategies Influence Weed Infestation, Soil Properties and Barley ProductivityMuhammad Naeem0Waqas Ahmed Minhas1Shahid Hussain2Sami Ul-Allah3Muhammad Farooq4Shahid Farooq5Mubshar Hussain6Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanDepartment of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanDepartment of Soil Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanCollege of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bahadur Sub-Campus, Layyah 31200, PakistanDepartment of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, OmanDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, Şanlıurfa 63050, TurkeyDepartment of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanBarley-based cropping systems (BCS) alter barley production by influencing weed infestation rates and soil nutrient dynamics. This two-year field study evaluated the interactive effects of five BCS and five weed control strategies (WCS) on soil properties and the growth and yield of barley. Barley was planted in five different cropping systems, i.e., fallow-barley (FB), maize-barley (MaB), cotton-barley (CB), mungbean-barley (MuB) and sorghum-barley (SB). Similarly, five different WCS, weed-free (control, WF), weedy-check (control, WC), false seedbeds (FS), chemical control (CC) and use of allelopathic water extracts (AWE), were included in the study. The SB system had the highest soil bulk density (1.48 and 1.47 g cm<sup>−3</sup> during the period 2017–2018 and 2018–2019, respectively) and lowest total soil porosity (41.40 and 41.07% during the period 2017–2018 and 2018–2019, respectively). However, WCS remained non-significant for bulk density and total soil porosity during both years of the study. Barley with WF had a higher leaf area index (5.28 and 4.75) and specific leaf area (65.5 and 64.9 cm<sup>−2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>) compared with barley grown under WC. The MuB system under WC had the highest values of extractable NH<sub>4</sub>-N (5.42 and 5.58 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), NO<sub>3</sub>-N (5.79 and 5.93 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), P (19.9 and 19.5 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), and K (195.6 and 194.3 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) with statistically similar NO<sub>3</sub>-N in the MaB system under WC and extractable K in the MuB system under FS. Grain yield ranged between 2.8–3.2 and 2.9–3.3 t ha<sup>−1</sup> during the period 2017–2018 and 2018–2019, respectively, among different WCS. Similarly, grain yield ranged between 2.9–3.2 and 3.0–3.2 t ha<sup>−1</sup> during the period 2017–2018 and 2018–2019, respectively, within different BCS. Among WCS, the highest grain yield (3.29 and 3.32 t ha<sup>−1</sup>) along with yield-related traits of barley were in WF as compared to WC. Overall, MuB system recorded better yield and yield-related traits, whereas the lowest values of these traits were recorded for FB systems. In conclusion, the MuB system with WF improved soil characteristics and barley yield over other cropping systems. The AWE significantly suppressed weeds and was equally effective as the chemical control. Therefore, MuB and AWE could be used to improve barley productivity and suppress weeds infestation.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/4/487allelopathybarleycropping systemssoil qualityweed biocontrol |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Naeem Waqas Ahmed Minhas Shahid Hussain Sami Ul-Allah Muhammad Farooq Shahid Farooq Mubshar Hussain Barley-Based Cropping Systems and Weed Control Strategies Influence Weed Infestation, Soil Properties and Barley Productivity Agriculture allelopathy barley cropping systems soil quality weed biocontrol |
| title | Barley-Based Cropping Systems and Weed Control Strategies Influence Weed Infestation, Soil Properties and Barley Productivity |
| title_full | Barley-Based Cropping Systems and Weed Control Strategies Influence Weed Infestation, Soil Properties and Barley Productivity |
| title_fullStr | Barley-Based Cropping Systems and Weed Control Strategies Influence Weed Infestation, Soil Properties and Barley Productivity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Barley-Based Cropping Systems and Weed Control Strategies Influence Weed Infestation, Soil Properties and Barley Productivity |
| title_short | Barley-Based Cropping Systems and Weed Control Strategies Influence Weed Infestation, Soil Properties and Barley Productivity |
| title_sort | barley based cropping systems and weed control strategies influence weed infestation soil properties and barley productivity |
| topic | allelopathy barley cropping systems soil quality weed biocontrol |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/4/487 |
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