Hybrid Clustering and Routing Algorithm with Threshold-Based Data Collection for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks
The concept of the internet of things (IoT) motivates us to connect bulk isolated heterogeneous devices to automate report generation without human interaction. Energy-efficient routing algorithms help to prolong the network lifetime of these energy-restricted smart devices that are connected by mea...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5471 |
| _version_ | 1797440753329242112 |
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| author | Muhammad Bilal Ehsan Ullah Munir Fawaz Khaled Alarfaj |
| author_facet | Muhammad Bilal Ehsan Ullah Munir Fawaz Khaled Alarfaj |
| author_sort | Muhammad Bilal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The concept of the internet of things (IoT) motivates us to connect bulk isolated heterogeneous devices to automate report generation without human interaction. Energy-efficient routing algorithms help to prolong the network lifetime of these energy-restricted smart devices that are connected by means of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Current vendor-level advancements enable algorithm-level flexibility to design protocols to concurrently collect multiple application data while enforcing the reduction of energy expenditure to gain commercial success in the industrial stage. In this paper, we propose a hybrid clustering and routing algorithm with threshold-based data collection for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. In our proposed model, homogeneous and heterogeneous nodes are deployed within specific regions. To reduce unnecessary data transmission, threshold-based conditions are presented to prevent unnecessary transmission when minor or no change is observed in the simulated and real-world applications. We further extend our proposed multi-hop model to achieve more network stability in dense and larger network areas. Our proposed model shows enhancement in terms of load balancing and end-to-end delay as compared to the other threshold-based energy-efficient routing protocols, such as the threshold-sensitive stable election protocol (TSEP), threshold distributed energy-efficient clustering (TDEEC), low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), and energy-efficient sensor network (TEEN). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:12:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-76310ae279924c6899416ee221666f03 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:12:54Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-76310ae279924c6899416ee221666f032023-11-30T22:50:03ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-07-012215547110.3390/s22155471Hybrid Clustering and Routing Algorithm with Threshold-Based Data Collection for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor NetworksMuhammad Bilal0Ehsan Ullah Munir1Fawaz Khaled Alarfaj2Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt 47010, PakistanDepartment of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantt 47010, PakistanDepartment of Computer Science and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11564, Saudi ArabiaThe concept of the internet of things (IoT) motivates us to connect bulk isolated heterogeneous devices to automate report generation without human interaction. Energy-efficient routing algorithms help to prolong the network lifetime of these energy-restricted smart devices that are connected by means of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Current vendor-level advancements enable algorithm-level flexibility to design protocols to concurrently collect multiple application data while enforcing the reduction of energy expenditure to gain commercial success in the industrial stage. In this paper, we propose a hybrid clustering and routing algorithm with threshold-based data collection for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. In our proposed model, homogeneous and heterogeneous nodes are deployed within specific regions. To reduce unnecessary data transmission, threshold-based conditions are presented to prevent unnecessary transmission when minor or no change is observed in the simulated and real-world applications. We further extend our proposed multi-hop model to achieve more network stability in dense and larger network areas. Our proposed model shows enhancement in terms of load balancing and end-to-end delay as compared to the other threshold-based energy-efficient routing protocols, such as the threshold-sensitive stable election protocol (TSEP), threshold distributed energy-efficient clustering (TDEEC), low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), and energy-efficient sensor network (TEEN).https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5471centralized networksdistributed networksthresholdnetwork heterogeneitydeletion |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Bilal Ehsan Ullah Munir Fawaz Khaled Alarfaj Hybrid Clustering and Routing Algorithm with Threshold-Based Data Collection for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks Sensors centralized networks distributed networks threshold network heterogeneity deletion |
| title | Hybrid Clustering and Routing Algorithm with Threshold-Based Data Collection for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_full | Hybrid Clustering and Routing Algorithm with Threshold-Based Data Collection for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_fullStr | Hybrid Clustering and Routing Algorithm with Threshold-Based Data Collection for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hybrid Clustering and Routing Algorithm with Threshold-Based Data Collection for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_short | Hybrid Clustering and Routing Algorithm with Threshold-Based Data Collection for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_sort | hybrid clustering and routing algorithm with threshold based data collection for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks |
| topic | centralized networks distributed networks threshold network heterogeneity deletion |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/15/5471 |
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