Biofilm Producing Methicillin-Resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA) Infections in Humans: Clinical Implications and Management
Since its initial description in the 1960s, methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) has developed multiple mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance and evading the immune system, including biofilm production. MRSA is now a widespread pathogen, causing a spectrum of infec...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/1/76 |
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| author | Ashlesha Kaushik Helen Kest Mangla Sood Bryan W. Steussy Corey Thieman Sandeep Gupta |
| author_facet | Ashlesha Kaushik Helen Kest Mangla Sood Bryan W. Steussy Corey Thieman Sandeep Gupta |
| author_sort | Ashlesha Kaushik |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Since its initial description in the 1960s, methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) has developed multiple mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance and evading the immune system, including biofilm production. MRSA is now a widespread pathogen, causing a spectrum of infections ranging from superficial skin issues to severe conditions like osteoarticular infections and endocarditis, leading to high morbidity and mortality. Biofilm production is a key aspect of MRSA’s ability to invade, spread, and resist antimicrobial treatments. Environmental factors, such as suboptimal antibiotics, pH, temperature, and tissue oxygen levels, enhance biofilm formation. Biofilms are intricate bacterial structures with dense organisms embedded in polysaccharides, promoting their resilience. The process involves stages of attachment, expansion, maturation, and eventually disassembly or dispersion. MRSA’s biofilm formation has a complex molecular foundation, involving genes like <i>icaADBC</i>, <i>fnbA</i>, <i>fnbB</i>, <i>clfA</i>, <i>clfB</i>, <i>atl</i>, <i>agr</i>, <i>sarA</i>, <i>sarZ</i>, <i>sigB</i>, <i>sarX</i>, <i>psm</i>, <i>icaR</i>, and <i>srtA</i>. Recognizing pivotal genes for biofilm formation has led to potential therapeutic strategies targeting elemental and enzymatic properties to combat MRSA biofilms. This review provides a practical approach for healthcare practitioners, addressing biofilm pathogenesis, disease spectrum, and management guidelines, including advances in treatment. Effective management involves appropriate antimicrobial therapy, surgical interventions, foreign body removal, and robust infection control practices to curtail spread within healthcare environments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:38:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-76a4c1fcc9c04e4c8bf80504ddee6e04 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:38:26Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-76a4c1fcc9c04e4c8bf80504ddee6e042024-01-26T18:03:49ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172024-01-011317610.3390/pathogens13010076Biofilm Producing Methicillin-Resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA) Infections in Humans: Clinical Implications and ManagementAshlesha Kaushik0Helen Kest1Mangla Sood2Bryan W. Steussy3Corey Thieman4Sandeep Gupta5Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, St. Luke’s Regional Medical Center, Unity Point Health, 2720 Stone Park Blvd, Sioux City, IA 51104, USADivision of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, St. Joseph’s Children’s Hospital, 703 Main Street, Paterson, NJ 07503, USADepartment of Pediatrics, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla 171006, IndiaDivision of Microbiology, St. Luke’s Regional Medical Center, Unity Point Health, 2720 Stone Park Blvd, Sioux City, IA 51104, USADivision of Pharmacology, St. Luke’s Regional Medical Center, Unity Point Health, 2720 Stone Park Blvd, Sioux City, IA 51104, USADivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care, St. Luke’s Regional Medical Center, Unity Point Health, 2720 Stone Park Blvd, Sioux City, IA 51104, USASince its initial description in the 1960s, methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) has developed multiple mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance and evading the immune system, including biofilm production. MRSA is now a widespread pathogen, causing a spectrum of infections ranging from superficial skin issues to severe conditions like osteoarticular infections and endocarditis, leading to high morbidity and mortality. Biofilm production is a key aspect of MRSA’s ability to invade, spread, and resist antimicrobial treatments. Environmental factors, such as suboptimal antibiotics, pH, temperature, and tissue oxygen levels, enhance biofilm formation. Biofilms are intricate bacterial structures with dense organisms embedded in polysaccharides, promoting their resilience. The process involves stages of attachment, expansion, maturation, and eventually disassembly or dispersion. MRSA’s biofilm formation has a complex molecular foundation, involving genes like <i>icaADBC</i>, <i>fnbA</i>, <i>fnbB</i>, <i>clfA</i>, <i>clfB</i>, <i>atl</i>, <i>agr</i>, <i>sarA</i>, <i>sarZ</i>, <i>sigB</i>, <i>sarX</i>, <i>psm</i>, <i>icaR</i>, and <i>srtA</i>. Recognizing pivotal genes for biofilm formation has led to potential therapeutic strategies targeting elemental and enzymatic properties to combat MRSA biofilms. This review provides a practical approach for healthcare practitioners, addressing biofilm pathogenesis, disease spectrum, and management guidelines, including advances in treatment. Effective management involves appropriate antimicrobial therapy, surgical interventions, foreign body removal, and robust infection control practices to curtail spread within healthcare environments.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/1/76methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>MRSAbiofilminfectiontreatmentantibiotics |
| spellingShingle | Ashlesha Kaushik Helen Kest Mangla Sood Bryan W. Steussy Corey Thieman Sandeep Gupta Biofilm Producing Methicillin-Resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA) Infections in Humans: Clinical Implications and Management Pathogens methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> MRSA biofilm infection treatment antibiotics |
| title | Biofilm Producing Methicillin-Resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA) Infections in Humans: Clinical Implications and Management |
| title_full | Biofilm Producing Methicillin-Resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA) Infections in Humans: Clinical Implications and Management |
| title_fullStr | Biofilm Producing Methicillin-Resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA) Infections in Humans: Clinical Implications and Management |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biofilm Producing Methicillin-Resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA) Infections in Humans: Clinical Implications and Management |
| title_short | Biofilm Producing Methicillin-Resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA) Infections in Humans: Clinical Implications and Management |
| title_sort | biofilm producing methicillin resistant em staphylococcus aureus em mrsa infections in humans clinical implications and management |
| topic | methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> MRSA biofilm infection treatment antibiotics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/1/76 |
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