Inflammatory Immune Responses in Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Dynamics and Association with the Outcome of the Disease
Information on the association of inflammatory immune responses and disease outcome after tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is limited. In the present study, we assessed the levels of 24 cytokines/chemokines associated with innate and adaptive immune responses in matched serum and cerebrospinal fluid (C...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2019-10-01
|
| Series: | Microorganisms |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/11/514 |
| _version_ | 1818173589203976192 |
|---|---|
| author | Petra Bogovič Lara Lusa Miša Korva Stanka Lotrič-Furlan Katarina Resman-Rus Miša Pavletič Tatjana Avšič-Županc Klemen Strle Franc Strle |
| author_facet | Petra Bogovič Lara Lusa Miša Korva Stanka Lotrič-Furlan Katarina Resman-Rus Miša Pavletič Tatjana Avšič-Županc Klemen Strle Franc Strle |
| author_sort | Petra Bogovič |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Information on the association of inflammatory immune responses and disease outcome after tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is limited. In the present study, we assessed the levels of 24 cytokines/chemokines associated with innate and adaptive immune responses in matched serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of 81 patients at first visit, and in serum at follow-up time points. Serum levels of several cytokines/chemokines obtained during the meningoencephalitic phase of TBE differed compared to the levels at a follow-up visit 2 months later; several significant differences were also found in cytokine/chemokine levels in serum at 2 months compared to the last time point, 2−7 years after acute illness. Cytokines/chemokines levels in CSF or serum obtained at the time of acute illness or serum levels obtained 2 months after the onset of TBE did not have predictive value for an unfavorable outcome 2−7 years later. In contrast, serum levels of mediators associated with Th17 responses were lower in patients with unfavorable outcome whereas those associated with other adaptive or innate immune responses were higher at the last visit in those with an unfavorable outcome. These findings provide new insights into the immunopathogenesis of TBE and implicate inflammatory immune responses with post-encephalitic syndrome years after the initial infection. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T19:30:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-76b7e62bcd6b4aa68bd4177a6e0a4d01 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T19:30:54Z |
| publishDate | 2019-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-76b7e62bcd6b4aa68bd4177a6e0a4d012022-12-22T00:53:16ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072019-10-0171151410.3390/microorganisms7110514microorganisms7110514Inflammatory Immune Responses in Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Dynamics and Association with the Outcome of the DiseasePetra Bogovič0Lara Lusa1Miša Korva2Stanka Lotrič-Furlan3Katarina Resman-Rus4Miša Pavletič5Tatjana Avšič-Županc6Klemen Strle7Franc Strle8Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Japljeva 2, 1525 Ljubljana, SloveniaInstitute for Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaInstitute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaDepartment of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Japljeva 2, 1525 Ljubljana, SloveniaInstitute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaInstitute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaInstitute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaDivision of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Masachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USADepartment of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Japljeva 2, 1525 Ljubljana, SloveniaInformation on the association of inflammatory immune responses and disease outcome after tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is limited. In the present study, we assessed the levels of 24 cytokines/chemokines associated with innate and adaptive immune responses in matched serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of 81 patients at first visit, and in serum at follow-up time points. Serum levels of several cytokines/chemokines obtained during the meningoencephalitic phase of TBE differed compared to the levels at a follow-up visit 2 months later; several significant differences were also found in cytokine/chemokine levels in serum at 2 months compared to the last time point, 2−7 years after acute illness. Cytokines/chemokines levels in CSF or serum obtained at the time of acute illness or serum levels obtained 2 months after the onset of TBE did not have predictive value for an unfavorable outcome 2−7 years later. In contrast, serum levels of mediators associated with Th17 responses were lower in patients with unfavorable outcome whereas those associated with other adaptive or innate immune responses were higher at the last visit in those with an unfavorable outcome. These findings provide new insights into the immunopathogenesis of TBE and implicate inflammatory immune responses with post-encephalitic syndrome years after the initial infection.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/11/514tick-borne encephalitisoutcomepost-encephalitic syndromeinflammatory mediatorscytokineschemokinesimmunopathogenesisinnate immune responsesadaptive immune responses |
| spellingShingle | Petra Bogovič Lara Lusa Miša Korva Stanka Lotrič-Furlan Katarina Resman-Rus Miša Pavletič Tatjana Avšič-Županc Klemen Strle Franc Strle Inflammatory Immune Responses in Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Dynamics and Association with the Outcome of the Disease Microorganisms tick-borne encephalitis outcome post-encephalitic syndrome inflammatory mediators cytokines chemokines immunopathogenesis innate immune responses adaptive immune responses |
| title | Inflammatory Immune Responses in Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Dynamics and Association with the Outcome of the Disease |
| title_full | Inflammatory Immune Responses in Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Dynamics and Association with the Outcome of the Disease |
| title_fullStr | Inflammatory Immune Responses in Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Dynamics and Association with the Outcome of the Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inflammatory Immune Responses in Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Dynamics and Association with the Outcome of the Disease |
| title_short | Inflammatory Immune Responses in Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Dynamics and Association with the Outcome of the Disease |
| title_sort | inflammatory immune responses in patients with tick borne encephalitis dynamics and association with the outcome of the disease |
| topic | tick-borne encephalitis outcome post-encephalitic syndrome inflammatory mediators cytokines chemokines immunopathogenesis innate immune responses adaptive immune responses |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/11/514 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT petrabogovic inflammatoryimmuneresponsesinpatientswithtickborneencephalitisdynamicsandassociationwiththeoutcomeofthedisease AT laralusa inflammatoryimmuneresponsesinpatientswithtickborneencephalitisdynamicsandassociationwiththeoutcomeofthedisease AT misakorva inflammatoryimmuneresponsesinpatientswithtickborneencephalitisdynamicsandassociationwiththeoutcomeofthedisease AT stankalotricfurlan inflammatoryimmuneresponsesinpatientswithtickborneencephalitisdynamicsandassociationwiththeoutcomeofthedisease AT katarinaresmanrus inflammatoryimmuneresponsesinpatientswithtickborneencephalitisdynamicsandassociationwiththeoutcomeofthedisease AT misapavletic inflammatoryimmuneresponsesinpatientswithtickborneencephalitisdynamicsandassociationwiththeoutcomeofthedisease AT tatjanaavsiczupanc inflammatoryimmuneresponsesinpatientswithtickborneencephalitisdynamicsandassociationwiththeoutcomeofthedisease AT klemenstrle inflammatoryimmuneresponsesinpatientswithtickborneencephalitisdynamicsandassociationwiththeoutcomeofthedisease AT francstrle inflammatoryimmuneresponsesinpatientswithtickborneencephalitisdynamicsandassociationwiththeoutcomeofthedisease |