2-D Optical-CDMA Modulation With Hard-Limiting for Automotive Time-of-Flight LiDAR
In this proof-of-principle paper, the application of 2-D optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) modulation to long-range automotive time-of-flight (ToF) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is studied. The regulations and physical constraints that govern the design parameters are reviewed. Usi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2021-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Photonics Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9565364/ |
| _version_ | 1818589867566694400 |
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| author | Feng-Wen Lo Guu-Chang Yang Wei-Yi Lin Ivan Glesk Wing C. Kwong |
| author_facet | Feng-Wen Lo Guu-Chang Yang Wei-Yi Lin Ivan Glesk Wing C. Kwong |
| author_sort | Feng-Wen Lo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this proof-of-principle paper, the application of 2-D optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) modulation to long-range automotive time-of-flight (ToF) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is studied. The regulations and physical constraints that govern the design parameters are reviewed. Using 2-D carrier-hopping prime codes (CHPCs), the modulation model and a novel 2-D hard-limiting decoder are designed and validated with OptiSystem<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\rm {TM}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> simulations. Based on the design parameters, the 2-D CHPCs have six times as many distinct sequences (for sensor identification) as 1-D code sequences. Analytical and simulation studies show that the proposed 2-D OCDMA modulation model can eliminate the near-far (power) problem and support more LiDAR sensors with distinctive ToF tags, greater interference robustness for more simultaneous ToF measurements, and better performance than the 1-D counterparts. The simulation results show that the 2-D model can support four times as many simultaneous emitting sensors without false detections as the 1-D model. In summary, the 2-D OCDMA modulation has more benefits and is more cost efficient overall, even though it is more complex. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-16T09:47:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-76d4e70696fc49848fac5d1405b7e8c8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1943-0655 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-16T09:47:28Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Photonics Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-76d4e70696fc49848fac5d1405b7e8c82022-12-21T22:36:08ZengIEEEIEEE Photonics Journal1943-06552021-01-0113611110.1109/JPHOT.2021.311887595653642-D Optical-CDMA Modulation With Hard-Limiting for Automotive Time-of-Flight LiDARFeng-Wen Lo0Guu-Chang Yang1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3731-5586Wei-Yi Lin2Ivan Glesk3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3176-8069Wing C. Kwong4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7166-7908Department of Electrical Engineering and the Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, TaiwanDepartment of Electrical Engineering and the Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, TaiwanDepartment of Electrical Engineering and the Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, TaiwanDepartment of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Center for Intelligent and Dynamic Communications, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K.Department of Engineering, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USAIn this proof-of-principle paper, the application of 2-D optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) modulation to long-range automotive time-of-flight (ToF) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is studied. The regulations and physical constraints that govern the design parameters are reviewed. Using 2-D carrier-hopping prime codes (CHPCs), the modulation model and a novel 2-D hard-limiting decoder are designed and validated with OptiSystem<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\rm {TM}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> simulations. Based on the design parameters, the 2-D CHPCs have six times as many distinct sequences (for sensor identification) as 1-D code sequences. Analytical and simulation studies show that the proposed 2-D OCDMA modulation model can eliminate the near-far (power) problem and support more LiDAR sensors with distinctive ToF tags, greater interference robustness for more simultaneous ToF measurements, and better performance than the 1-D counterparts. The simulation results show that the 2-D model can support four times as many simultaneous emitting sensors without false detections as the 1-D model. In summary, the 2-D OCDMA modulation has more benefits and is more cost efficient overall, even though it is more complex.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9565364/Automotivecode division multiple accessLiDARtime-of-flight |
| spellingShingle | Feng-Wen Lo Guu-Chang Yang Wei-Yi Lin Ivan Glesk Wing C. Kwong 2-D Optical-CDMA Modulation With Hard-Limiting for Automotive Time-of-Flight LiDAR IEEE Photonics Journal Automotive code division multiple access LiDAR time-of-flight |
| title | 2-D Optical-CDMA Modulation With Hard-Limiting for Automotive Time-of-Flight LiDAR |
| title_full | 2-D Optical-CDMA Modulation With Hard-Limiting for Automotive Time-of-Flight LiDAR |
| title_fullStr | 2-D Optical-CDMA Modulation With Hard-Limiting for Automotive Time-of-Flight LiDAR |
| title_full_unstemmed | 2-D Optical-CDMA Modulation With Hard-Limiting for Automotive Time-of-Flight LiDAR |
| title_short | 2-D Optical-CDMA Modulation With Hard-Limiting for Automotive Time-of-Flight LiDAR |
| title_sort | 2 d optical cdma modulation with hard limiting for automotive time of flight lidar |
| topic | Automotive code division multiple access LiDAR time-of-flight |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9565364/ |
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