Secondary Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (HP-PRRSV2) Infection Augments Inflammatory Responses, Clinical Outcomes, and Pathogen Load in <i>Glaesserella-parasuis</i>-Infected Piglets
<i>Glaesserella parasuis</i> (Gps), Gram-negative bacteria, are a universal respiratory-disease-causing pathogen in swine that colonize the upper respiratory tract. Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (HP-PRRSV2HP-PRRSV2) and Gps coinfections are epidemi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Veterinary Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/10/5/365 |
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| author | Zhixin Guan Linlin Pang Yan Ouyang Yifeng Jiang Junjie Zhang Yafeng Qiu Zongjie Li Beibei Li Ke Liu Donghua Shao Zhiyong Ma Jianchao Wei |
| author_facet | Zhixin Guan Linlin Pang Yan Ouyang Yifeng Jiang Junjie Zhang Yafeng Qiu Zongjie Li Beibei Li Ke Liu Donghua Shao Zhiyong Ma Jianchao Wei |
| author_sort | Zhixin Guan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Glaesserella parasuis</i> (Gps), Gram-negative bacteria, are a universal respiratory-disease-causing pathogen in swine that colonize the upper respiratory tract. Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (HP-PRRSV2HP-PRRSV2) and Gps coinfections are epidemics in China, but little is known about the influence of concurrent coinfection on disease severity and inflammatory responses. Herein, we studied the effects of secondary HP-PRRS infection on clinical symptoms, pathological changes, pathogen load, and inflammatory response of Gps coinfection in the upper respiratory tract of piglets. All coinfected piglets (HP-PRRSV2 + Gps) displayed fever and severe lesions in the lungs, while fever was present in only a few animals with a single infection (HP-PRRSV2 or Gps). Additionally, HP-PRRSV2 and Gps loading in nasal swabs and blood and lung tissue samples was significantly increased in the coinfected group. Necropsy data showed that coinfected piglets suffered from severe lung damage and had significantly higher antibody titers of HP-PRRSV2 or Gps than single-infected piglets. Moreover, the serum and lung concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) were also significantly higher in coinfected piglets than in those infected with HP-PRRSV2 or Gps alone. In conclusion, our results show that HP-PRRSV2 promotes the shedding and replication of Gps, and their coinfection in the upper respiratory tract aggravates the clinical symptoms and inflammatory responses, causing lung damage. Therefore, in the unavoidable situation of Gps infection in piglets, necessary measures must be made to prevent and control secondary infection with HP-PRRSV2, which can save huge economic losses to the pork industry. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:14:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7715d43c74fd4f909a05e088eeb2e76c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2306-7381 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:14:26Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Veterinary Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-7715d43c74fd4f909a05e088eeb2e76c2023-11-18T03:37:53ZengMDPI AGVeterinary Sciences2306-73812023-05-0110536510.3390/vetsci10050365Secondary Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (HP-PRRSV2) Infection Augments Inflammatory Responses, Clinical Outcomes, and Pathogen Load in <i>Glaesserella-parasuis</i>-Infected PigletsZhixin Guan0Linlin Pang1Yan Ouyang2Yifeng Jiang3Junjie Zhang4Yafeng Qiu5Zongjie Li6Beibei Li7Ke Liu8Donghua Shao9Zhiyong Ma10Jianchao Wei11Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, ChinaShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, ChinaShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, ChinaShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, ChinaShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, ChinaShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, ChinaShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, ChinaShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, ChinaShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, ChinaShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, ChinaShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, ChinaShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, China<i>Glaesserella parasuis</i> (Gps), Gram-negative bacteria, are a universal respiratory-disease-causing pathogen in swine that colonize the upper respiratory tract. Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (HP-PRRSV2HP-PRRSV2) and Gps coinfections are epidemics in China, but little is known about the influence of concurrent coinfection on disease severity and inflammatory responses. Herein, we studied the effects of secondary HP-PRRS infection on clinical symptoms, pathological changes, pathogen load, and inflammatory response of Gps coinfection in the upper respiratory tract of piglets. All coinfected piglets (HP-PRRSV2 + Gps) displayed fever and severe lesions in the lungs, while fever was present in only a few animals with a single infection (HP-PRRSV2 or Gps). Additionally, HP-PRRSV2 and Gps loading in nasal swabs and blood and lung tissue samples was significantly increased in the coinfected group. Necropsy data showed that coinfected piglets suffered from severe lung damage and had significantly higher antibody titers of HP-PRRSV2 or Gps than single-infected piglets. Moreover, the serum and lung concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) were also significantly higher in coinfected piglets than in those infected with HP-PRRSV2 or Gps alone. In conclusion, our results show that HP-PRRSV2 promotes the shedding and replication of Gps, and their coinfection in the upper respiratory tract aggravates the clinical symptoms and inflammatory responses, causing lung damage. Therefore, in the unavoidable situation of Gps infection in piglets, necessary measures must be made to prevent and control secondary infection with HP-PRRSV2, which can save huge economic losses to the pork industry.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/10/5/365<i>Glaesserella parasuis</i>HP-PRRSV2pork industryinflammatory cytokines |
| spellingShingle | Zhixin Guan Linlin Pang Yan Ouyang Yifeng Jiang Junjie Zhang Yafeng Qiu Zongjie Li Beibei Li Ke Liu Donghua Shao Zhiyong Ma Jianchao Wei Secondary Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (HP-PRRSV2) Infection Augments Inflammatory Responses, Clinical Outcomes, and Pathogen Load in <i>Glaesserella-parasuis</i>-Infected Piglets Veterinary Sciences <i>Glaesserella parasuis</i> HP-PRRSV2 pork industry inflammatory cytokines |
| title | Secondary Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (HP-PRRSV2) Infection Augments Inflammatory Responses, Clinical Outcomes, and Pathogen Load in <i>Glaesserella-parasuis</i>-Infected Piglets |
| title_full | Secondary Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (HP-PRRSV2) Infection Augments Inflammatory Responses, Clinical Outcomes, and Pathogen Load in <i>Glaesserella-parasuis</i>-Infected Piglets |
| title_fullStr | Secondary Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (HP-PRRSV2) Infection Augments Inflammatory Responses, Clinical Outcomes, and Pathogen Load in <i>Glaesserella-parasuis</i>-Infected Piglets |
| title_full_unstemmed | Secondary Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (HP-PRRSV2) Infection Augments Inflammatory Responses, Clinical Outcomes, and Pathogen Load in <i>Glaesserella-parasuis</i>-Infected Piglets |
| title_short | Secondary Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (HP-PRRSV2) Infection Augments Inflammatory Responses, Clinical Outcomes, and Pathogen Load in <i>Glaesserella-parasuis</i>-Infected Piglets |
| title_sort | secondary highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus hp prrsv2 infection augments inflammatory responses clinical outcomes and pathogen load in i glaesserella parasuis i infected piglets |
| topic | <i>Glaesserella parasuis</i> HP-PRRSV2 pork industry inflammatory cytokines |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/10/5/365 |
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