Molecular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Elicitors in Pest Resistance
Insect herbivores have a variety of life cycles and feeding habits, making them extremely diverse. With their host plants, they form close relationships and suppress their defense mechanisms. Molecular elicitors are the key bio-elements in the detection and recognition of attacking enemies in tissue...
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Life |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/6/844 |
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| author | Saif ul Malook Saiqa Maqbool Muhammad Hafeez Samantha Chandranath Karunarathna Nakarin Suwannarach |
| author_facet | Saif ul Malook Saiqa Maqbool Muhammad Hafeez Samantha Chandranath Karunarathna Nakarin Suwannarach |
| author_sort | Saif ul Malook |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Insect herbivores have a variety of life cycles and feeding habits, making them extremely diverse. With their host plants, they form close relationships and suppress their defense mechanisms. Molecular elicitors are the key bio-elements in the detection and recognition of attacking enemies in tissue consumption. Insect oral secretion, frass, and fluid of egg deposition contain biologically active molecules called herbivore-associated elicitors (HAEs) that are recognized by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Many plants distinguish insect feeding from wounding by HAEs present in their oral secretions (OS) and induce local and/or systemic responses against arthropod feeding. PRRs perceive HAEs in the oral secretion of caterpillars in a species-specific manner to elicit exclusive defense responses. HAEs-PRRs interactions induce plant resistance by reprogramming plant metabolism and transcriptional machinery. Quantitative, timely, and coordinated plant response initiate early signaling events, including Ca<sup>2+</sup>, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). However, in insect herbivory, little is known about the molecular basis of signal transduction and regulation of plant resistance. We discuss here how early signaling cascades converge into the accumulation of phytohormones that regulate downstream special metabolites against herbivores. In this review, we propose a hypothetical model of PPRs-HAEs-mediated-induced responses in plants and discuss how PRRs-HAEs interactions elicit short- and long-term induced defenses in plants. The understanding of PRRs-HAEs interactions will help to explore the fundamental molecular mechanisms of host manipulation and may generate prospects to develop novel pest-resistance strategies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:15:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-77246cc0cd364bbb826891aca361ea18 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:15:38Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj.art-77246cc0cd364bbb826891aca361ea182023-11-23T17:36:24ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292022-06-0112684410.3390/life12060844Molecular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Elicitors in Pest ResistanceSaif ul Malook0Saiqa Maqbool1Muhammad Hafeez2Samantha Chandranath Karunarathna3Nakarin Suwannarach4Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandResearch Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandState Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaCenter for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, ChinaResearch Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandInsect herbivores have a variety of life cycles and feeding habits, making them extremely diverse. With their host plants, they form close relationships and suppress their defense mechanisms. Molecular elicitors are the key bio-elements in the detection and recognition of attacking enemies in tissue consumption. Insect oral secretion, frass, and fluid of egg deposition contain biologically active molecules called herbivore-associated elicitors (HAEs) that are recognized by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Many plants distinguish insect feeding from wounding by HAEs present in their oral secretions (OS) and induce local and/or systemic responses against arthropod feeding. PRRs perceive HAEs in the oral secretion of caterpillars in a species-specific manner to elicit exclusive defense responses. HAEs-PRRs interactions induce plant resistance by reprogramming plant metabolism and transcriptional machinery. Quantitative, timely, and coordinated plant response initiate early signaling events, including Ca<sup>2+</sup>, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). However, in insect herbivory, little is known about the molecular basis of signal transduction and regulation of plant resistance. We discuss here how early signaling cascades converge into the accumulation of phytohormones that regulate downstream special metabolites against herbivores. In this review, we propose a hypothetical model of PPRs-HAEs-mediated-induced responses in plants and discuss how PRRs-HAEs interactions elicit short- and long-term induced defenses in plants. The understanding of PRRs-HAEs interactions will help to explore the fundamental molecular mechanisms of host manipulation and may generate prospects to develop novel pest-resistance strategies.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/6/844herbivore-associated elicitorspattern-recognition receptorsplant defensesecondary metabolitessignaling metabolites |
| spellingShingle | Saif ul Malook Saiqa Maqbool Muhammad Hafeez Samantha Chandranath Karunarathna Nakarin Suwannarach Molecular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Elicitors in Pest Resistance Life herbivore-associated elicitors pattern-recognition receptors plant defense secondary metabolites signaling metabolites |
| title | Molecular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Elicitors in Pest Resistance |
| title_full | Molecular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Elicitors in Pest Resistance |
| title_fullStr | Molecular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Elicitors in Pest Resistance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Molecular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Elicitors in Pest Resistance |
| title_short | Molecular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Elicitors in Pest Resistance |
| title_sort | molecular and biochemical mechanisms of elicitors in pest resistance |
| topic | herbivore-associated elicitors pattern-recognition receptors plant defense secondary metabolites signaling metabolites |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/6/844 |
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