Comparing Electric Water Heaters and Batteries as Energy-Storage Resources for Energy Shifting and Frequency Regulation
Recent technical, market, and policy developments in the electricity industry are increasing interest in and need for energy storage. We examine the potential for using the flexibility of an aggregation of tank electric water heaters as a source of virtual energy storage. Specifically, we examine th...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2023-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10006357/ |
| _version_ | 1797352848441212928 |
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| author | Mahan A. Mansouri Ramteen Sioshansi |
| author_facet | Mahan A. Mansouri Ramteen Sioshansi |
| author_sort | Mahan A. Mansouri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Recent technical, market, and policy developments in the electricity industry are increasing interest in and need for energy storage. We examine the potential for using the flexibility of an aggregation of tank electric water heaters as a source of virtual energy storage. Specifically, we examine the operational performance of and operating profit that is earned by a fleet of water heaters that provide energy shifting and frequency regulation. We contrast this performance and operating profit to that of a lithium-ion battery. We find that water heaters do not achieve the same level of performance or operating profit that a battery does. However, when accounting for the capital costs of the two technologies, water heaters are superior, insomuch as they have a better cost-to-profit ratio. We find that both water heaters and batteries earn significant operating profits from frequency regulation as opposed to energy shifting. Water heaters have a stronger bias towards frequency regulation, due to temporal constraints on load shifting. Relaxing these constraints improve water-heater performance slightly. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T13:21:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-772c4ac0ec024fc5922506b8e4f9a300 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2687-7910 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T13:21:42Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy |
| spelling | doaj.art-772c4ac0ec024fc5922506b8e4f9a3002024-01-18T00:02:42ZengIEEEIEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy2687-79102023-01-011016417510.1109/OAJPE.2022.323183410006357Comparing Electric Water Heaters and Batteries as Energy-Storage Resources for Energy Shifting and Frequency RegulationMahan A. Mansouri0Ramteen Sioshansi1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1440-0158Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USADepartment of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USARecent technical, market, and policy developments in the electricity industry are increasing interest in and need for energy storage. We examine the potential for using the flexibility of an aggregation of tank electric water heaters as a source of virtual energy storage. Specifically, we examine the operational performance of and operating profit that is earned by a fleet of water heaters that provide energy shifting and frequency regulation. We contrast this performance and operating profit to that of a lithium-ion battery. We find that water heaters do not achieve the same level of performance or operating profit that a battery does. However, when accounting for the capital costs of the two technologies, water heaters are superior, insomuch as they have a better cost-to-profit ratio. We find that both water heaters and batteries earn significant operating profits from frequency regulation as opposed to energy shifting. Water heaters have a stronger bias towards frequency regulation, due to temporal constraints on load shifting. Relaxing these constraints improve water-heater performance slightly.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10006357/Energy storagepower-system economicselectric water heaterenergy shiftingfrequency regulation |
| spellingShingle | Mahan A. Mansouri Ramteen Sioshansi Comparing Electric Water Heaters and Batteries as Energy-Storage Resources for Energy Shifting and Frequency Regulation IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Energy storage power-system economics electric water heater energy shifting frequency regulation |
| title | Comparing Electric Water Heaters and Batteries as Energy-Storage Resources for Energy Shifting and Frequency Regulation |
| title_full | Comparing Electric Water Heaters and Batteries as Energy-Storage Resources for Energy Shifting and Frequency Regulation |
| title_fullStr | Comparing Electric Water Heaters and Batteries as Energy-Storage Resources for Energy Shifting and Frequency Regulation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparing Electric Water Heaters and Batteries as Energy-Storage Resources for Energy Shifting and Frequency Regulation |
| title_short | Comparing Electric Water Heaters and Batteries as Energy-Storage Resources for Energy Shifting and Frequency Regulation |
| title_sort | comparing electric water heaters and batteries as energy storage resources for energy shifting and frequency regulation |
| topic | Energy storage power-system economics electric water heater energy shifting frequency regulation |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10006357/ |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mahanamansouri comparingelectricwaterheatersandbatteriesasenergystorageresourcesforenergyshiftingandfrequencyregulation AT ramteensioshansi comparingelectricwaterheatersandbatteriesasenergystorageresourcesforenergyshiftingandfrequencyregulation |