Color Stains on Paper: Fungal Pigments, Synthetic Dyes and Their Hypothetical Removal by Enzymatic Approaches
Fungi are the main contaminants of books and archival documents. In addition to their degrading power, offered by various types of lignolytic and cellulolytic enzymes, they can also hue the surface of the paper through the production of pigments. The fungi on paper release various types of pigments...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/19/9991 |
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| author | Jelena Pavlović Zuzana Farkas Lucia Kraková Domenico Pangallo |
| author_facet | Jelena Pavlović Zuzana Farkas Lucia Kraková Domenico Pangallo |
| author_sort | Jelena Pavlović |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fungi are the main contaminants of books and archival documents. In addition to their degrading power, offered by various types of lignolytic and cellulolytic enzymes, they can also hue the surface of the paper through the production of pigments. The fungi on paper release various types of pigments belonging mostly to two chemical groups (polyketides and carotenoids), which cause unpleasant anaesthetic stains. The paper surface can also be hued with several synthetic colors, which are part, for example, of stamps and inks. These synthetic colors could be degraded by lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs) and also by dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs). Therefore, the mechanism of action of LEMs and DyPs is illustrated. Moreover, we have examined the potentiality of LEMs and DyPs to remove the synthetic stains and also their hypothetical application in order to clean the fungal hues from the paper surface. Our review article, using the enzymatic removal parallelism between fungal and synthetic pigments, would like to show prospective solutions to this arduous problem. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:01:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-774c6f33f07343b6b95387d83e3a722d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:01:36Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-774c6f33f07343b6b95387d83e3a722d2023-11-23T19:49:05ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172022-10-011219999110.3390/app12199991Color Stains on Paper: Fungal Pigments, Synthetic Dyes and Their Hypothetical Removal by Enzymatic ApproachesJelena Pavlović0Zuzana Farkas1Lucia Kraková2Domenico Pangallo3Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845516 Bratislava, SlovakiaInstitute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845516 Bratislava, SlovakiaInstitute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845516 Bratislava, SlovakiaInstitute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845516 Bratislava, SlovakiaFungi are the main contaminants of books and archival documents. In addition to their degrading power, offered by various types of lignolytic and cellulolytic enzymes, they can also hue the surface of the paper through the production of pigments. The fungi on paper release various types of pigments belonging mostly to two chemical groups (polyketides and carotenoids), which cause unpleasant anaesthetic stains. The paper surface can also be hued with several synthetic colors, which are part, for example, of stamps and inks. These synthetic colors could be degraded by lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs) and also by dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs). Therefore, the mechanism of action of LEMs and DyPs is illustrated. Moreover, we have examined the potentiality of LEMs and DyPs to remove the synthetic stains and also their hypothetical application in order to clean the fungal hues from the paper surface. Our review article, using the enzymatic removal parallelism between fungal and synthetic pigments, would like to show prospective solutions to this arduous problem.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/19/9991fungal stainsink stamplignin-modifying enzymesdye-decolorizing peroxidasesbio-cleaning |
| spellingShingle | Jelena Pavlović Zuzana Farkas Lucia Kraková Domenico Pangallo Color Stains on Paper: Fungal Pigments, Synthetic Dyes and Their Hypothetical Removal by Enzymatic Approaches Applied Sciences fungal stains ink stamp lignin-modifying enzymes dye-decolorizing peroxidases bio-cleaning |
| title | Color Stains on Paper: Fungal Pigments, Synthetic Dyes and Their Hypothetical Removal by Enzymatic Approaches |
| title_full | Color Stains on Paper: Fungal Pigments, Synthetic Dyes and Their Hypothetical Removal by Enzymatic Approaches |
| title_fullStr | Color Stains on Paper: Fungal Pigments, Synthetic Dyes and Their Hypothetical Removal by Enzymatic Approaches |
| title_full_unstemmed | Color Stains on Paper: Fungal Pigments, Synthetic Dyes and Their Hypothetical Removal by Enzymatic Approaches |
| title_short | Color Stains on Paper: Fungal Pigments, Synthetic Dyes and Their Hypothetical Removal by Enzymatic Approaches |
| title_sort | color stains on paper fungal pigments synthetic dyes and their hypothetical removal by enzymatic approaches |
| topic | fungal stains ink stamp lignin-modifying enzymes dye-decolorizing peroxidases bio-cleaning |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/19/9991 |
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