Type 2 Cystatins and Their Roles in the Regulation of Human Immune Response and Cancer Progression
Cystatins are a family of intracellular and extracellular protease inhibitors that inhibit cysteine cathepsins—a group of lysosomal cysteine proteases that participate in multiple biological processes, including protein degradation and post-translational cleavage. Cysteine cathepsins are associated...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/22/5363 |
| _version_ | 1797459846300172288 |
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| author | Zijun Zhang Fenghuang Zhan |
| author_facet | Zijun Zhang Fenghuang Zhan |
| author_sort | Zijun Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cystatins are a family of intracellular and extracellular protease inhibitors that inhibit cysteine cathepsins—a group of lysosomal cysteine proteases that participate in multiple biological processes, including protein degradation and post-translational cleavage. Cysteine cathepsins are associated with the development of autoimmune diseases, tumor progression, and metastasis. Cystatins are categorized into three subfamilies: type 1, type 2, and type 3. The type 2 cystatin subfamily is the largest, containing 10 members, and consists entirely of small secreted proteins. Although type 2 cystatins have many shared biological roles, each member differs in structure, post-translational modifications (e.g., glycosylation), and expression in different cell types. These distinctions allow the type 2 cystatins to have unique biological functions and properties. This review provides an overview of type 2 cystatins, including their biological similarities and differences, their regulatory effect on human immune responses, and their roles in tumor progression, immune evasion, and metastasis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:56:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-775098d9627c4ece8068f824b5f8c043 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:56:46Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-775098d9627c4ece8068f824b5f8c0432023-11-24T14:34:06ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942023-11-011522536310.3390/cancers15225363Type 2 Cystatins and Their Roles in the Regulation of Human Immune Response and Cancer ProgressionZijun Zhang0Fenghuang Zhan1Myeloma Center, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USAMyeloma Center, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USACystatins are a family of intracellular and extracellular protease inhibitors that inhibit cysteine cathepsins—a group of lysosomal cysteine proteases that participate in multiple biological processes, including protein degradation and post-translational cleavage. Cysteine cathepsins are associated with the development of autoimmune diseases, tumor progression, and metastasis. Cystatins are categorized into three subfamilies: type 1, type 2, and type 3. The type 2 cystatin subfamily is the largest, containing 10 members, and consists entirely of small secreted proteins. Although type 2 cystatins have many shared biological roles, each member differs in structure, post-translational modifications (e.g., glycosylation), and expression in different cell types. These distinctions allow the type 2 cystatins to have unique biological functions and properties. This review provides an overview of type 2 cystatins, including their biological similarities and differences, their regulatory effect on human immune responses, and their roles in tumor progression, immune evasion, and metastasis.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/22/5363cystatincathepsinprotease inhibitorimmunityinflammationtumor progression |
| spellingShingle | Zijun Zhang Fenghuang Zhan Type 2 Cystatins and Their Roles in the Regulation of Human Immune Response and Cancer Progression Cancers cystatin cathepsin protease inhibitor immunity inflammation tumor progression |
| title | Type 2 Cystatins and Their Roles in the Regulation of Human Immune Response and Cancer Progression |
| title_full | Type 2 Cystatins and Their Roles in the Regulation of Human Immune Response and Cancer Progression |
| title_fullStr | Type 2 Cystatins and Their Roles in the Regulation of Human Immune Response and Cancer Progression |
| title_full_unstemmed | Type 2 Cystatins and Their Roles in the Regulation of Human Immune Response and Cancer Progression |
| title_short | Type 2 Cystatins and Their Roles in the Regulation of Human Immune Response and Cancer Progression |
| title_sort | type 2 cystatins and their roles in the regulation of human immune response and cancer progression |
| topic | cystatin cathepsin protease inhibitor immunity inflammation tumor progression |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/22/5363 |
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