Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption
Poland is one of Europe’s leading producers and exporters of beer. The study, herein, describes the measurement of ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and zearalenone levels in 69 Polish beers. Analytical methodologies based on high performan...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2019-05-01
|
| Series: | Toxins |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/5/254 |
| _version_ | 1811262541330907136 |
|---|---|
| author | Jan Grajewski Robert Kosicki Magdalena Twarużek Anna Błajet-Kosicka |
| author_facet | Jan Grajewski Robert Kosicki Magdalena Twarużek Anna Błajet-Kosicka |
| author_sort | Jan Grajewski |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Poland is one of Europe’s leading producers and exporters of beer. The study, herein, describes the measurement of ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and zearalenone levels in 69 Polish beers. Analytical methodologies based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and fluorescence detection were developed, validated, and used to perform the above determinations. The most prevalent mycotoxins were deoxynivalenol (96%), ochratoxin A (93%), and HT-2 toxin (74%), respectively. Three quarters of the samples contained at least three analytes. The mean ochratoxin A concentration was 0.057 (SD 0.065) ng/mL, and in four beer samples its level exceeded 0.2 ng/mL, a value postulated in the literature to be the maximum limit. Deoxynivalenol was found at a maximum level of 56.2 ng/mL, and its mean concentration was 17.1 (SD 9.0) ng/mL. An evaluation of the estimated daily intake (EDI) of mycotoxins from beer in different European populations was made using food-consumption data prepared by WHO. Based on the mean ochratoxin A concentration in beers, the EDI represented 0.8−1.1% of the tolerable daily intake (TDI), while in a worst-case scenario (maximum concentration) it reached 5.0−7.5% of TDI. For deoxynivalenol, the EDI was in the range of 4.1−6.0% of TDI, whereas, based on maximum values, it reached the level of 14−21% of TDI. There were no significant differences between “scenarios” in the HT-2 case (mean—5.0−7.5% of TDI; maximum—6.5−9.7% of TDI) due to the fact that its concentration was near the limit of quantification (LOQ) value taken for calculation. The significance of these results are discussed, herein. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T19:27:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-77512d9216394ae1a10db50168361233 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T19:27:30Z |
| publishDate | 2019-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-77512d9216394ae1a10db501683612332022-12-22T03:19:26ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512019-05-0111525410.3390/toxins11050254toxins11050254Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer ConsumptionJan Grajewski0Robert Kosicki1Magdalena Twarużek2Anna Błajet-Kosicka3Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL85064 Bydgoszcz, PolandDepartment of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL85064 Bydgoszcz, PolandDepartment of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL85064 Bydgoszcz, PolandDepartment of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL85064 Bydgoszcz, PolandPoland is one of Europe’s leading producers and exporters of beer. The study, herein, describes the measurement of ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and zearalenone levels in 69 Polish beers. Analytical methodologies based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and fluorescence detection were developed, validated, and used to perform the above determinations. The most prevalent mycotoxins were deoxynivalenol (96%), ochratoxin A (93%), and HT-2 toxin (74%), respectively. Three quarters of the samples contained at least three analytes. The mean ochratoxin A concentration was 0.057 (SD 0.065) ng/mL, and in four beer samples its level exceeded 0.2 ng/mL, a value postulated in the literature to be the maximum limit. Deoxynivalenol was found at a maximum level of 56.2 ng/mL, and its mean concentration was 17.1 (SD 9.0) ng/mL. An evaluation of the estimated daily intake (EDI) of mycotoxins from beer in different European populations was made using food-consumption data prepared by WHO. Based on the mean ochratoxin A concentration in beers, the EDI represented 0.8−1.1% of the tolerable daily intake (TDI), while in a worst-case scenario (maximum concentration) it reached 5.0−7.5% of TDI. For deoxynivalenol, the EDI was in the range of 4.1−6.0% of TDI, whereas, based on maximum values, it reached the level of 14−21% of TDI. There were no significant differences between “scenarios” in the HT-2 case (mean—5.0−7.5% of TDI; maximum—6.5−9.7% of TDI) due to the fact that its concentration was near the limit of quantification (LOQ) value taken for calculation. The significance of these results are discussed, herein.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/5/254beermycotoxinsochratoxin AdeoxynivalenolHT-2 toxinoccurrencerisk assessment |
| spellingShingle | Jan Grajewski Robert Kosicki Magdalena Twarużek Anna Błajet-Kosicka Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption Toxins beer mycotoxins ochratoxin A deoxynivalenol HT-2 toxin occurrence risk assessment |
| title | Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption |
| title_full | Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption |
| title_fullStr | Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption |
| title_full_unstemmed | Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption |
| title_short | Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption |
| title_sort | occurrence and risk assessment of mycotoxins through polish beer consumption |
| topic | beer mycotoxins ochratoxin A deoxynivalenol HT-2 toxin occurrence risk assessment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/5/254 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jangrajewski occurrenceandriskassessmentofmycotoxinsthroughpolishbeerconsumption AT robertkosicki occurrenceandriskassessmentofmycotoxinsthroughpolishbeerconsumption AT magdalenatwaruzek occurrenceandriskassessmentofmycotoxinsthroughpolishbeerconsumption AT annabłajetkosicka occurrenceandriskassessmentofmycotoxinsthroughpolishbeerconsumption |