Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid)
Novel polymeric acrylate-based flame retardants (FR 1–4) containing two phosphorus groups in different chemical environments were synthesized in three steps and characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-04-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/4/778 |
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| author | Jacob Sag Philipp Kukla Daniela Goedderz Hendrik Roch Stephan Kabasci Manfred Döring Frank Schönberger |
| author_facet | Jacob Sag Philipp Kukla Daniela Goedderz Hendrik Roch Stephan Kabasci Manfred Döring Frank Schönberger |
| author_sort | Jacob Sag |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Novel polymeric acrylate-based flame retardants (FR 1–4) containing two phosphorus groups in different chemical environments were synthesized in three steps and characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mass spectrometry (MS). Polylactic acid (PLA) formulations with the synthesized compounds were investigated to evaluate the efficiency of these flame retardants and their mode of action by using TGA, UL94, and cone calorimetry. In order to compare the results a flame retardant polyester containing only one phosphorus group (ItaP) was also investigated in PLA regarding its flame inhibiting effect. Since the fire behavior depends not only on the mode of action of the flame retardants but also strongly on physical phenomena like melt dripping, the flame retardants were also incorporated into PLA with higher viscosity. In the UL94 vertical burning test setup, 10% of the novel flame retardants (FR 1–4) is sufficient to reach a V-0 rating in both PLA types, while a loading of 15% of ItaP is not enough to reach the same classification. Despite their different structure, TGA and cone calorimetry results confirmed a gas phase mechanism mainly responsible for the highly efficient flame retardancy for all compounds. Finally, cone calorimetry tests of the flame retardant PLA with two heat fluxes showed different flame inhibiting efficiencies for different fire scenarios. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:43:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-777f5a6b222b467c99e5895863ecd380 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:43:59Z |
| publishDate | 2020-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-777f5a6b222b467c99e5895863ecd3802023-11-19T20:26:16ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602020-04-0112477810.3390/polym12040778Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid)Jacob Sag0Philipp Kukla1Daniela Goedderz2Hendrik Roch3Stephan Kabasci4Manfred Döring5Frank Schönberger6Department of Polymer Synthesis, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Schlossgartenstraße 6, D-64289 Darmstadt, GermanyDepartment of Polymer Synthesis, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Schlossgartenstraße 6, D-64289 Darmstadt, GermanyDepartment of Polymer Synthesis, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Schlossgartenstraße 6, D-64289 Darmstadt, GermanyDepartment of Bio-based Plastics, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology, UMSICHT, Osterfelder Straße 3, D-46047 Oberhausen, GermanyDepartment of Bio-based Plastics, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology, UMSICHT, Osterfelder Straße 3, D-46047 Oberhausen, GermanyDepartment of Polymer Synthesis, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Schlossgartenstraße 6, D-64289 Darmstadt, GermanyDepartment of Polymer Synthesis, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Schlossgartenstraße 6, D-64289 Darmstadt, GermanyNovel polymeric acrylate-based flame retardants (FR 1–4) containing two phosphorus groups in different chemical environments were synthesized in three steps and characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mass spectrometry (MS). Polylactic acid (PLA) formulations with the synthesized compounds were investigated to evaluate the efficiency of these flame retardants and their mode of action by using TGA, UL94, and cone calorimetry. In order to compare the results a flame retardant polyester containing only one phosphorus group (ItaP) was also investigated in PLA regarding its flame inhibiting effect. Since the fire behavior depends not only on the mode of action of the flame retardants but also strongly on physical phenomena like melt dripping, the flame retardants were also incorporated into PLA with higher viscosity. In the UL94 vertical burning test setup, 10% of the novel flame retardants (FR 1–4) is sufficient to reach a V-0 rating in both PLA types, while a loading of 15% of ItaP is not enough to reach the same classification. Despite their different structure, TGA and cone calorimetry results confirmed a gas phase mechanism mainly responsible for the highly efficient flame retardancy for all compounds. Finally, cone calorimetry tests of the flame retardant PLA with two heat fluxes showed different flame inhibiting efficiencies for different fire scenarios.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/4/778polylactic acidphosphorus-based flame retardantacrylate-based flame retardant |
| spellingShingle | Jacob Sag Philipp Kukla Daniela Goedderz Hendrik Roch Stephan Kabasci Manfred Döring Frank Schönberger Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid) Polymers polylactic acid phosphorus-based flame retardant acrylate-based flame retardant |
| title | Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid) |
| title_full | Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid) |
| title_fullStr | Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid) |
| title_short | Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid) |
| title_sort | synthesis of novel polymeric acrylate based flame retardants containing two phosphorus groups in different chemical environments and their influence on the flammability of poly lactic acid |
| topic | polylactic acid phosphorus-based flame retardant acrylate-based flame retardant |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/4/778 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jacobsag synthesisofnovelpolymericacrylatebasedflameretardantscontainingtwophosphorusgroupsindifferentchemicalenvironmentsandtheirinfluenceontheflammabilityofpolylacticacid AT philippkukla synthesisofnovelpolymericacrylatebasedflameretardantscontainingtwophosphorusgroupsindifferentchemicalenvironmentsandtheirinfluenceontheflammabilityofpolylacticacid AT danielagoedderz synthesisofnovelpolymericacrylatebasedflameretardantscontainingtwophosphorusgroupsindifferentchemicalenvironmentsandtheirinfluenceontheflammabilityofpolylacticacid AT hendrikroch synthesisofnovelpolymericacrylatebasedflameretardantscontainingtwophosphorusgroupsindifferentchemicalenvironmentsandtheirinfluenceontheflammabilityofpolylacticacid AT stephankabasci synthesisofnovelpolymericacrylatebasedflameretardantscontainingtwophosphorusgroupsindifferentchemicalenvironmentsandtheirinfluenceontheflammabilityofpolylacticacid AT manfreddoring synthesisofnovelpolymericacrylatebasedflameretardantscontainingtwophosphorusgroupsindifferentchemicalenvironmentsandtheirinfluenceontheflammabilityofpolylacticacid AT frankschonberger synthesisofnovelpolymericacrylatebasedflameretardantscontainingtwophosphorusgroupsindifferentchemicalenvironmentsandtheirinfluenceontheflammabilityofpolylacticacid |