Early, Non-Invasive Sensing of Sustained Hyperglycemia in Mice Using Millimeter-Wave Spectroscopy
Diabetes is a very complex condition affecting millions of people around the world. Its occurrence, always accompanied by sustained hyperglycemia, leads to many medical complications that can be greatly mitigated when the disease is treated in its earliest stage. In this paper, a novel sensing appro...
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MDPI AG
2019-07-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/15/3347 |
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| author | Aldo Moreno-Oyervides Pedro Martín-Mateos M. Carmen Aguilera-Morillo Giacomo Ulisse María C. Arriba María Durban Marcela Del Rio Fernando Larcher Viktor Krozer Pablo Acedo |
| author_facet | Aldo Moreno-Oyervides Pedro Martín-Mateos M. Carmen Aguilera-Morillo Giacomo Ulisse María C. Arriba María Durban Marcela Del Rio Fernando Larcher Viktor Krozer Pablo Acedo |
| author_sort | Aldo Moreno-Oyervides |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Diabetes is a very complex condition affecting millions of people around the world. Its occurrence, always accompanied by sustained hyperglycemia, leads to many medical complications that can be greatly mitigated when the disease is treated in its earliest stage. In this paper, a novel sensing approach for the early non-invasive detection and monitoring of sustained hyperglycemia is presented. The sensing principle is based on millimeter-wave transmission spectroscopy through the skin and subsequent statistical analysis of the amplitude data. A classifier based on functional principal components for sustained hyperglycemia prediction was validated on a sample of twelve mice, correctly classifying the condition in diabetic mice. Using the same classifier, sixteen mice with drug-induced diabetes were studied for two weeks. The proposed sensing approach was capable of assessing the glycemic states at different stages of induced diabetes, providing a clear transition from normoglycemia to hyperglycemia typically associated with diabetes. This is believed to be the first presentation of such evolution studies using non-invasive sensing. The results obtained indicate that gradual glycemic changes associated with diabetes can be accurately detected by non-invasively sensing the metabolism using a millimeter-wave spectral sensor, with an observed temporal resolution of around four days. This unprecedented detection speed and its non-invasive character could open new opportunities for the continuous control and monitoring of diabetics and the evaluation of response to treatments (including new therapies), enabling a much more appropriate control of the condition. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T17:57:36Z |
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| id | doaj.art-77862878eedc46dbb09cdafd42027367 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T17:57:36Z |
| publishDate | 2019-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-77862878eedc46dbb09cdafd420273672022-12-22T04:10:36ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202019-07-011915334710.3390/s19153347s19153347Early, Non-Invasive Sensing of Sustained Hyperglycemia in Mice Using Millimeter-Wave SpectroscopyAldo Moreno-Oyervides0Pedro Martín-Mateos1M. Carmen Aguilera-Morillo2Giacomo Ulisse3María C. Arriba4María Durban5Marcela Del Rio6Fernando Larcher7Viktor Krozer8Pablo Acedo9Department of Electronic Technology, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganes, 28911 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Electronic Technology, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganes, 28911 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Statistics, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganes, 28911 Madrid, SpainPhysics Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyInstituto de Investigaciones sanitarias de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Statistics, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganes, 28911 Madrid, SpainInstituto de Investigaciones sanitarias de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, SpainInstituto de Investigaciones sanitarias de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Electronic Technology, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganes, 28911 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Electronic Technology, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganes, 28911 Madrid, SpainDiabetes is a very complex condition affecting millions of people around the world. Its occurrence, always accompanied by sustained hyperglycemia, leads to many medical complications that can be greatly mitigated when the disease is treated in its earliest stage. In this paper, a novel sensing approach for the early non-invasive detection and monitoring of sustained hyperglycemia is presented. The sensing principle is based on millimeter-wave transmission spectroscopy through the skin and subsequent statistical analysis of the amplitude data. A classifier based on functional principal components for sustained hyperglycemia prediction was validated on a sample of twelve mice, correctly classifying the condition in diabetic mice. Using the same classifier, sixteen mice with drug-induced diabetes were studied for two weeks. The proposed sensing approach was capable of assessing the glycemic states at different stages of induced diabetes, providing a clear transition from normoglycemia to hyperglycemia typically associated with diabetes. This is believed to be the first presentation of such evolution studies using non-invasive sensing. The results obtained indicate that gradual glycemic changes associated with diabetes can be accurately detected by non-invasively sensing the metabolism using a millimeter-wave spectral sensor, with an observed temporal resolution of around four days. This unprecedented detection speed and its non-invasive character could open new opportunities for the continuous control and monitoring of diabetics and the evaluation of response to treatments (including new therapies), enabling a much more appropriate control of the condition.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/15/3347millimeter-wave spectroscopysustained hyperglycemianon-invasive diagnosis techniquesearly diabetes detectionfunctional principal component analysis |
| spellingShingle | Aldo Moreno-Oyervides Pedro Martín-Mateos M. Carmen Aguilera-Morillo Giacomo Ulisse María C. Arriba María Durban Marcela Del Rio Fernando Larcher Viktor Krozer Pablo Acedo Early, Non-Invasive Sensing of Sustained Hyperglycemia in Mice Using Millimeter-Wave Spectroscopy Sensors millimeter-wave spectroscopy sustained hyperglycemia non-invasive diagnosis techniques early diabetes detection functional principal component analysis |
| title | Early, Non-Invasive Sensing of Sustained Hyperglycemia in Mice Using Millimeter-Wave Spectroscopy |
| title_full | Early, Non-Invasive Sensing of Sustained Hyperglycemia in Mice Using Millimeter-Wave Spectroscopy |
| title_fullStr | Early, Non-Invasive Sensing of Sustained Hyperglycemia in Mice Using Millimeter-Wave Spectroscopy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Early, Non-Invasive Sensing of Sustained Hyperglycemia in Mice Using Millimeter-Wave Spectroscopy |
| title_short | Early, Non-Invasive Sensing of Sustained Hyperglycemia in Mice Using Millimeter-Wave Spectroscopy |
| title_sort | early non invasive sensing of sustained hyperglycemia in mice using millimeter wave spectroscopy |
| topic | millimeter-wave spectroscopy sustained hyperglycemia non-invasive diagnosis techniques early diabetes detection functional principal component analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/15/3347 |
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