A Reduced Complexity Acoustic-Based 3D DoA Estimation with Zero Cyclic Sum
Accurate direction of arrival (DoA) estimation is paramount in various fields, from surveillance and security to spatial audio processing. This work introduces an innovative approach that refines the DoA estimation process and demonstrates its applicability in diverse and critical domains. We propos...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-04-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/7/2344 |
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| author | Rigel Procópio Fernandes José Antonio Apolinário José Manoel de Seixas |
| author_facet | Rigel Procópio Fernandes José Antonio Apolinário José Manoel de Seixas |
| author_sort | Rigel Procópio Fernandes |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Accurate direction of arrival (DoA) estimation is paramount in various fields, from surveillance and security to spatial audio processing. This work introduces an innovative approach that refines the DoA estimation process and demonstrates its applicability in diverse and critical domains. We propose a two-stage method that capitalizes on the often-overlooked secondary peaks of the cross-correlation function by introducing a reduced complexity DoA estimation method. In the first stage, a low complexity cost function based on the zero cyclic sum (ZCS) condition is used to allow for an exhaustive search of all combinations of time delays between pairs of microphones, including primary peak and secondary peaks of each cross-correlation. For the second stage, only a subset of the time delay combinations with the lowest ZCS cost function need to be tested using a least-squares (LS) solution, which requires more computational effort. To showcase the versatility and effectiveness of our method, we apply it to the challenging acoustic-based drone DoA estimation scenario using an array of four microphones. Through rigorous experimentation with simulated and actual data, our research underscores the potential of our proposed DoA estimation method as an alternative for handling complex acoustic scenarios. The ZCS method demonstrates an accuracy of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>89.4</mn><mo>%</mo><mo>±</mo><mn>2.7</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, whereas the ZCS with the LS method exhibits a notably higher accuracy of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>94.0</mn><mo>%</mo><mo>±</mo><mn>3.1</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, showcasing the superior performance of the latter. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:34:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-779bdd8090bf4c698686889a9a138d44 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:34:40Z |
| publishDate | 2024-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-779bdd8090bf4c698686889a9a138d442024-04-12T13:26:49ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202024-04-01247234410.3390/s24072344A Reduced Complexity Acoustic-Based 3D DoA Estimation with Zero Cyclic SumRigel Procópio Fernandes0José Antonio Apolinário1José Manoel de Seixas2Program of Defense Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering (IME), Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, BrazilProgram of Defense Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering (IME), Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, BrazilSignal Processing Lab, COPPE/POLI, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-914, BrazilAccurate direction of arrival (DoA) estimation is paramount in various fields, from surveillance and security to spatial audio processing. This work introduces an innovative approach that refines the DoA estimation process and demonstrates its applicability in diverse and critical domains. We propose a two-stage method that capitalizes on the often-overlooked secondary peaks of the cross-correlation function by introducing a reduced complexity DoA estimation method. In the first stage, a low complexity cost function based on the zero cyclic sum (ZCS) condition is used to allow for an exhaustive search of all combinations of time delays between pairs of microphones, including primary peak and secondary peaks of each cross-correlation. For the second stage, only a subset of the time delay combinations with the lowest ZCS cost function need to be tested using a least-squares (LS) solution, which requires more computational effort. To showcase the versatility and effectiveness of our method, we apply it to the challenging acoustic-based drone DoA estimation scenario using an array of four microphones. Through rigorous experimentation with simulated and actual data, our research underscores the potential of our proposed DoA estimation method as an alternative for handling complex acoustic scenarios. The ZCS method demonstrates an accuracy of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>89.4</mn><mo>%</mo><mo>±</mo><mn>2.7</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, whereas the ZCS with the LS method exhibits a notably higher accuracy of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>94.0</mn><mo>%</mo><mo>±</mo><mn>3.1</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, showcasing the superior performance of the latter.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/7/2344DoA estimationtime delay estimationzero cyclic sum |
| spellingShingle | Rigel Procópio Fernandes José Antonio Apolinário José Manoel de Seixas A Reduced Complexity Acoustic-Based 3D DoA Estimation with Zero Cyclic Sum Sensors DoA estimation time delay estimation zero cyclic sum |
| title | A Reduced Complexity Acoustic-Based 3D DoA Estimation with Zero Cyclic Sum |
| title_full | A Reduced Complexity Acoustic-Based 3D DoA Estimation with Zero Cyclic Sum |
| title_fullStr | A Reduced Complexity Acoustic-Based 3D DoA Estimation with Zero Cyclic Sum |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Reduced Complexity Acoustic-Based 3D DoA Estimation with Zero Cyclic Sum |
| title_short | A Reduced Complexity Acoustic-Based 3D DoA Estimation with Zero Cyclic Sum |
| title_sort | reduced complexity acoustic based 3d doa estimation with zero cyclic sum |
| topic | DoA estimation time delay estimation zero cyclic sum |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/7/2344 |
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