Analysis of Winter Anomaly and Annual Anomaly Based on Regression Approach
Studying the temporal and spatial dependence of ionospheric anomalies using total electron content (TEC) can provide an important reference for developing empirical ionospheric models. In this study, winter anomaly, annual anomaly, and the contributions of winter anomaly to annual anomaly were inves...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/20/4968 |
| _version_ | 1827719940895932416 |
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| author | Kaixin Wang Jiandi Feng Zhenzhen Zhao Baomin Han |
| author_facet | Kaixin Wang Jiandi Feng Zhenzhen Zhao Baomin Han |
| author_sort | Kaixin Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Studying the temporal and spatial dependence of ionospheric anomalies using total electron content (TEC) can provide an important reference for developing empirical ionospheric models. In this study, winter anomaly, annual anomaly, and the contributions of winter anomaly to annual anomaly were investigated during solar cycle 24 (2008–2018) by using the global ionosphere maps of the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe during the geomagnetic activity quiet period (Kp ≤ 5) based on a regression approach. Our detailed analysis shows the following: (1) Winter anomaly is more significant at 11:00–13:00 local time (LT), and the region of winter anomaly extends from North America to the Far East with increasing solar activity levels. (2) The minimum level of solar activity corresponding to the occurrence of winter anomaly was calculated at each grid point, which can provide a reference for single-point ionospheric modeling. (3) The annual anomaly reaches its maximum at 12:00 LT when the TEC in December is 34.4% higher than in June. (4) At 12:00 LT, the winter anomaly contributes up to 32% to the annual anomaly (at this time, the winter hemisphere contributes 57% to the annual anomaly). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:55:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-77a94bae262747778215cf269309879b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:55:42Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-77a94bae262747778215cf269309879b2023-11-19T17:58:58ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922023-10-011520496810.3390/rs15204968Analysis of Winter Anomaly and Annual Anomaly Based on Regression ApproachKaixin Wang0Jiandi Feng1Zhenzhen Zhao2Baomin Han3School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, ChinaSchool of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, ChinaSchool of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, ChinaSchool of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, ChinaStudying the temporal and spatial dependence of ionospheric anomalies using total electron content (TEC) can provide an important reference for developing empirical ionospheric models. In this study, winter anomaly, annual anomaly, and the contributions of winter anomaly to annual anomaly were investigated during solar cycle 24 (2008–2018) by using the global ionosphere maps of the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe during the geomagnetic activity quiet period (Kp ≤ 5) based on a regression approach. Our detailed analysis shows the following: (1) Winter anomaly is more significant at 11:00–13:00 local time (LT), and the region of winter anomaly extends from North America to the Far East with increasing solar activity levels. (2) The minimum level of solar activity corresponding to the occurrence of winter anomaly was calculated at each grid point, which can provide a reference for single-point ionospheric modeling. (3) The annual anomaly reaches its maximum at 12:00 LT when the TEC in December is 34.4% higher than in June. (4) At 12:00 LT, the winter anomaly contributes up to 32% to the annual anomaly (at this time, the winter hemisphere contributes 57% to the annual anomaly).https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/20/4968total electron contentionospheric anomaliesglobal ionosphere mapssolar activity |
| spellingShingle | Kaixin Wang Jiandi Feng Zhenzhen Zhao Baomin Han Analysis of Winter Anomaly and Annual Anomaly Based on Regression Approach Remote Sensing total electron content ionospheric anomalies global ionosphere maps solar activity |
| title | Analysis of Winter Anomaly and Annual Anomaly Based on Regression Approach |
| title_full | Analysis of Winter Anomaly and Annual Anomaly Based on Regression Approach |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of Winter Anomaly and Annual Anomaly Based on Regression Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of Winter Anomaly and Annual Anomaly Based on Regression Approach |
| title_short | Analysis of Winter Anomaly and Annual Anomaly Based on Regression Approach |
| title_sort | analysis of winter anomaly and annual anomaly based on regression approach |
| topic | total electron content ionospheric anomalies global ionosphere maps solar activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/20/4968 |
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