Do Plant-Bound Masked Mycotoxins Contribute to Toxicity?
Masked mycotoxins are plant metabolites of mycotoxins which co-contaminate common cereal crops. Since their discovery, the question has arisen if they contribute to toxicity either directly or indirectly through the release of the parent mycotoxins. Research in this field is rapidly emerging and the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2017-02-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/9/3/85 |
| _version_ | 1811301585130618880 |
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| author | Silvia W. Gratz |
| author_facet | Silvia W. Gratz |
| author_sort | Silvia W. Gratz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Masked mycotoxins are plant metabolites of mycotoxins which co-contaminate common cereal crops. Since their discovery, the question has arisen if they contribute to toxicity either directly or indirectly through the release of the parent mycotoxins. Research in this field is rapidly emerging and the aim of this review is to summarize the latest knowledge on the fate of masked mycotoxins upon ingestion. Fusarium mycotoxins are the most prevalent masked mycotoxins and evidence is mounting that DON3Glc and possibly other masked trichothecenes are stable in conditions prevailing in the upper gut and are not absorbed intact. DON3Glc is also not toxic per se, but is hydrolyzed by colonic microbes and further metabolized to DOM-1 in some individuals. Masked zearalenone is rather more bio-reactive with some evidence on gastric and small intestinal hydrolysis as well as hydrolysis by intestinal epithelium and components of blood. Microbial hydrolysis of ZEN14Glc is almost instantaneous and further metabolism also occurs. Identification of zearalenone metabolites and their fate in the colon are still missing as is further clarification on whether or not masked zearalenone is hydrolyzed by mammalian cells. New masked mycotoxins continuously emerge and it is crucial that we gain detailed understanding of their individual metabolic fate in the body before we can assess synergistic effects and extrapolate the additive risk of all mycotoxins present in food. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T07:11:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-77deafa2d1384696ac18752e5ea54a48 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T07:11:15Z |
| publishDate | 2017-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-77deafa2d1384696ac18752e5ea54a482022-12-22T02:56:52ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512017-02-01938510.3390/toxins9030085toxins9030085Do Plant-Bound Masked Mycotoxins Contribute to Toxicity?Silvia W. Gratz0Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UKMasked mycotoxins are plant metabolites of mycotoxins which co-contaminate common cereal crops. Since their discovery, the question has arisen if they contribute to toxicity either directly or indirectly through the release of the parent mycotoxins. Research in this field is rapidly emerging and the aim of this review is to summarize the latest knowledge on the fate of masked mycotoxins upon ingestion. Fusarium mycotoxins are the most prevalent masked mycotoxins and evidence is mounting that DON3Glc and possibly other masked trichothecenes are stable in conditions prevailing in the upper gut and are not absorbed intact. DON3Glc is also not toxic per se, but is hydrolyzed by colonic microbes and further metabolized to DOM-1 in some individuals. Masked zearalenone is rather more bio-reactive with some evidence on gastric and small intestinal hydrolysis as well as hydrolysis by intestinal epithelium and components of blood. Microbial hydrolysis of ZEN14Glc is almost instantaneous and further metabolism also occurs. Identification of zearalenone metabolites and their fate in the colon are still missing as is further clarification on whether or not masked zearalenone is hydrolyzed by mammalian cells. New masked mycotoxins continuously emerge and it is crucial that we gain detailed understanding of their individual metabolic fate in the body before we can assess synergistic effects and extrapolate the additive risk of all mycotoxins present in food.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/9/3/85masked mycotoxinsdeoxynivalenoltrichotheceneszearalenoneabsorptionhydrolysisintestine |
| spellingShingle | Silvia W. Gratz Do Plant-Bound Masked Mycotoxins Contribute to Toxicity? Toxins masked mycotoxins deoxynivalenol trichothecenes zearalenone absorption hydrolysis intestine |
| title | Do Plant-Bound Masked Mycotoxins Contribute to Toxicity? |
| title_full | Do Plant-Bound Masked Mycotoxins Contribute to Toxicity? |
| title_fullStr | Do Plant-Bound Masked Mycotoxins Contribute to Toxicity? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Do Plant-Bound Masked Mycotoxins Contribute to Toxicity? |
| title_short | Do Plant-Bound Masked Mycotoxins Contribute to Toxicity? |
| title_sort | do plant bound masked mycotoxins contribute to toxicity |
| topic | masked mycotoxins deoxynivalenol trichothecenes zearalenone absorption hydrolysis intestine |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/9/3/85 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT silviawgratz doplantboundmaskedmycotoxinscontributetotoxicity |