High-Resolution Mapping of Aerosol Optical Depth and Ground Aerosol Coefficients for Mainland China
Aerosols play an important role in climate change, and ground aerosols (e.g., fine particulate matter, abbreviated as PM<sub>2.5</sub>) are associated with a variety of health problems. Due to clouds and high reflectance conditions, satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) products...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2324 |
| _version_ | 1797530252176523264 |
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| author | Lianfa Li |
| author_facet | Lianfa Li |
| author_sort | Lianfa Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Aerosols play an important role in climate change, and ground aerosols (e.g., fine particulate matter, abbreviated as PM<sub>2.5</sub>) are associated with a variety of health problems. Due to clouds and high reflectance conditions, satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) products usually have large percentages of missing values (e.g., on average greater than 60% for mainland China), which limits their applicability. In this study, we generated grid maps of high-resolution, daily complete AOD and ground aerosol coefficients for the large study area of mainland China from 2015 to 2018. Based on the AOD retrieved using the recent Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction advanced algorithm, we added a geographic zoning factor to account for variability in meteorology, and developed an adaptive method based on the improved full residual deep network (with attention layers) to impute extensively missing AOD in the whole study area consistently and reliably. Furthermore, we generated high-resolution grid maps of complete AOD and ground aerosol coefficients. Overall, compared with the original residual model, in the independent test of 20% samples, our daily models achieved an average test R<sup>2</sup> of 0.90 (an improvement of approximately 5%) with a range of 0.75–0.97 (average test root mean square error: 0.075). This high test performance shows the validity of AOD imputation. In the evaluation using the ground AOD data from six Aerosol Robotic Network monitoring stations, our method obtained an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.78, which further illustrated the reliability of the dataset. In addition, ground aerosol coefficients were generated to provide an improved correlation with PM<sub>2.5</sub>. With the complete AOD data and ground coefficients, we presented and interpreted their spatiotemporal variations in mainland China. This study has important implications for using satellite-derived AOD to estimate aerosol air pollutants. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:26:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-78097184a95a42c3b0b4f27cdd26b96b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:26:23Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-78097184a95a42c3b0b4f27cdd26b96b2023-11-21T23:59:18ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922021-06-011312232410.3390/rs13122324High-Resolution Mapping of Aerosol Optical Depth and Ground Aerosol Coefficients for Mainland ChinaLianfa Li0State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information Systems, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaAerosols play an important role in climate change, and ground aerosols (e.g., fine particulate matter, abbreviated as PM<sub>2.5</sub>) are associated with a variety of health problems. Due to clouds and high reflectance conditions, satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) products usually have large percentages of missing values (e.g., on average greater than 60% for mainland China), which limits their applicability. In this study, we generated grid maps of high-resolution, daily complete AOD and ground aerosol coefficients for the large study area of mainland China from 2015 to 2018. Based on the AOD retrieved using the recent Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction advanced algorithm, we added a geographic zoning factor to account for variability in meteorology, and developed an adaptive method based on the improved full residual deep network (with attention layers) to impute extensively missing AOD in the whole study area consistently and reliably. Furthermore, we generated high-resolution grid maps of complete AOD and ground aerosol coefficients. Overall, compared with the original residual model, in the independent test of 20% samples, our daily models achieved an average test R<sup>2</sup> of 0.90 (an improvement of approximately 5%) with a range of 0.75–0.97 (average test root mean square error: 0.075). This high test performance shows the validity of AOD imputation. In the evaluation using the ground AOD data from six Aerosol Robotic Network monitoring stations, our method obtained an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.78, which further illustrated the reliability of the dataset. In addition, ground aerosol coefficients were generated to provide an improved correlation with PM<sub>2.5</sub>. With the complete AOD data and ground coefficients, we presented and interpreted their spatiotemporal variations in mainland China. This study has important implications for using satellite-derived AOD to estimate aerosol air pollutants.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2324aerosol optical depthground aerosol coefficientsimulationadaptive full residual deep networkmainland Chinareliability |
| spellingShingle | Lianfa Li High-Resolution Mapping of Aerosol Optical Depth and Ground Aerosol Coefficients for Mainland China Remote Sensing aerosol optical depth ground aerosol coefficient simulation adaptive full residual deep network mainland China reliability |
| title | High-Resolution Mapping of Aerosol Optical Depth and Ground Aerosol Coefficients for Mainland China |
| title_full | High-Resolution Mapping of Aerosol Optical Depth and Ground Aerosol Coefficients for Mainland China |
| title_fullStr | High-Resolution Mapping of Aerosol Optical Depth and Ground Aerosol Coefficients for Mainland China |
| title_full_unstemmed | High-Resolution Mapping of Aerosol Optical Depth and Ground Aerosol Coefficients for Mainland China |
| title_short | High-Resolution Mapping of Aerosol Optical Depth and Ground Aerosol Coefficients for Mainland China |
| title_sort | high resolution mapping of aerosol optical depth and ground aerosol coefficients for mainland china |
| topic | aerosol optical depth ground aerosol coefficient simulation adaptive full residual deep network mainland China reliability |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2324 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lianfali highresolutionmappingofaerosolopticaldepthandgroundaerosolcoefficientsformainlandchina |