Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects more than 95% of adults worldwide and is associated with various malignant tumors and immune diseases, imparting a huge disease burden on the human population. Available EBV vaccines are imminent. Prophylactic vaccines can effectively prevent the spread of infect...
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/11/1290 |
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| author | Jing Cai Bodou Zhang Yuqi Li Wanfang Zhu Toshihiro Akihisa Wei Li Takashi Kikuchi Wenyuan Liu Feng Feng Jie Zhang |
| author_facet | Jing Cai Bodou Zhang Yuqi Li Wanfang Zhu Toshihiro Akihisa Wei Li Takashi Kikuchi Wenyuan Liu Feng Feng Jie Zhang |
| author_sort | Jing Cai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects more than 95% of adults worldwide and is associated with various malignant tumors and immune diseases, imparting a huge disease burden on the human population. Available EBV vaccines are imminent. Prophylactic vaccines can effectively prevent the spread of infection, whereas therapeutic vaccines mainly stimulate cell-mediated immunity and kill infected cells, thus curbing the development of malignant tumors. Nevertheless, there are still no approved EBV vaccines after decades of effort. The complexity of the EBV life cycle, the lack of appropriate animal models, and the limited reports on adjuvant selection and immune responses are gravely impeding progress in EBV vaccines. The soluble gp350 vaccine could reduce the incidence of infectious mononucleosis (IM), which seemed to offer hope, but could not prevent EBV infection. Continuous research and vaccine trials provide deep insights into the structural biology of viruses, the designs for immunogenicity, and the evolving vaccine platforms. Moreover, the new vaccine candidates are expected to achieve further success via combined immunization to elicit both a dual protection of B cells and epithelial cells, and sustainable immunization against infected cells at several phases of infection. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:00:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-78145038ac81461b8b5a4ba35877c8c9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:00:14Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-78145038ac81461b8b5a4ba35877c8c92023-11-23T01:52:31ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2021-11-01911129010.3390/vaccines9111290Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future DirectionJing Cai0Bodou Zhang1Yuqi Li2Wanfang Zhu3Toshihiro Akihisa4Wei Li5Takashi Kikuchi6Wenyuan Liu7Feng Feng8Jie Zhang9School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, ChinaSchool of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, ChinaSchool of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, ChinaSchool of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, ChinaFaculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, JapanFaculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, JapanSchool of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, ChinaSchool of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, ChinaSchool of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, ChinaThe Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects more than 95% of adults worldwide and is associated with various malignant tumors and immune diseases, imparting a huge disease burden on the human population. Available EBV vaccines are imminent. Prophylactic vaccines can effectively prevent the spread of infection, whereas therapeutic vaccines mainly stimulate cell-mediated immunity and kill infected cells, thus curbing the development of malignant tumors. Nevertheless, there are still no approved EBV vaccines after decades of effort. The complexity of the EBV life cycle, the lack of appropriate animal models, and the limited reports on adjuvant selection and immune responses are gravely impeding progress in EBV vaccines. The soluble gp350 vaccine could reduce the incidence of infectious mononucleosis (IM), which seemed to offer hope, but could not prevent EBV infection. Continuous research and vaccine trials provide deep insights into the structural biology of viruses, the designs for immunogenicity, and the evolving vaccine platforms. Moreover, the new vaccine candidates are expected to achieve further success via combined immunization to elicit both a dual protection of B cells and epithelial cells, and sustainable immunization against infected cells at several phases of infection.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/11/1290Epstein-Barr virusvaccineT cellsantibodiesoncogenic |
| spellingShingle | Jing Cai Bodou Zhang Yuqi Li Wanfang Zhu Toshihiro Akihisa Wei Li Takashi Kikuchi Wenyuan Liu Feng Feng Jie Zhang Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction Vaccines Epstein-Barr virus vaccine T cells antibodies oncogenic |
| title | Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction |
| title_full | Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction |
| title_fullStr | Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction |
| title_short | Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccines: Major Scientific Obstacles, Historical Progress, and Future Direction |
| title_sort | prophylactic and therapeutic ebv vaccines major scientific obstacles historical progress and future direction |
| topic | Epstein-Barr virus vaccine T cells antibodies oncogenic |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/11/1290 |
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