Nanocrystallization of Anthocyanin Extract from Red-Fleshed Apple ′QN-5′ Improved Its Antioxidant Effect through Enhanced Stability and Activity under Stressful Conditions
Red-flesh apples are known as functional fruits because of their rich anthocyanin. The anthocyanin content of the red flesh apple cultivar ′QN-5′ we bred can reach 361 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup> (FW), and showed higher scavenging capacity to DPPH radicals,...
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MDPI AG
2019-04-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/7/1421 |
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| author | Xiang Zhang Heqiang Huo Xiaohong Sun Jun Zhu Hongyi Dai Yugang Zhang |
| author_facet | Xiang Zhang Heqiang Huo Xiaohong Sun Jun Zhu Hongyi Dai Yugang Zhang |
| author_sort | Xiang Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Red-flesh apples are known as functional fruits because of their rich anthocyanin. The anthocyanin content of the red flesh apple cultivar ′QN-5′ we bred can reach 361 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup> (FW), and showed higher scavenging capacity to DPPH radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anion radicals, with scavenging rates of 80.0%, 54.0%, and 43.3%, respectively. We used this particular anthocyanin-rich ′QN-5′ apple as material to examine how nanocrystallization affects the antixodiant effect of anthocyanin. The anthocyanin extract was encapsulated with biocompatible zein to form zein-anthocyanin nanoparticles (ZANPs). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) scanning showed that ZANPs had a regular spherical shape with an average diameter size of 50–60nm. When the ratio of the zein and the anthocyanin was 1:0.5, the results suggested that the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the ZANPs could reach as high as 92.8%, and that scavenging rate for DPPH radicals was increased from 87.1% to 97.2% compared to the non-nanocrystallized anthocyanin extract. Interestingly, treatment under alkaline conditions (pH 9.0), high temperature (90 °C), and a storage time of 7 days could decrease the scavenging capacity of the ZANPs for DPPH radicals, but this scavenging capacity loss for ZANPs was significantly lower than that observed in the non-nanocrystallized anthocyanin, suggesting the higher stability of ZANPs is caused by encapsulation. These results would provide a theoretical basis for the application of the anthocyanin in scavenging free radicals under stress conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-23T06:16:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-783fba1f84be476b838f5a63c7b21693 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-23T06:16:19Z |
| publishDate | 2019-04-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-783fba1f84be476b838f5a63c7b216932022-12-21T17:57:18ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492019-04-01247142110.3390/molecules24071421molecules24071421Nanocrystallization of Anthocyanin Extract from Red-Fleshed Apple ′QN-5′ Improved Its Antioxidant Effect through Enhanced Stability and Activity under Stressful ConditionsXiang Zhang0Heqiang Huo1Xiaohong Sun2Jun Zhu3Hongyi Dai4Yugang Zhang5College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaMid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Apopka, FL 32703, USACollege of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, ChinaRed-flesh apples are known as functional fruits because of their rich anthocyanin. The anthocyanin content of the red flesh apple cultivar ′QN-5′ we bred can reach 361 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup> (FW), and showed higher scavenging capacity to DPPH radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anion radicals, with scavenging rates of 80.0%, 54.0%, and 43.3%, respectively. We used this particular anthocyanin-rich ′QN-5′ apple as material to examine how nanocrystallization affects the antixodiant effect of anthocyanin. The anthocyanin extract was encapsulated with biocompatible zein to form zein-anthocyanin nanoparticles (ZANPs). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) scanning showed that ZANPs had a regular spherical shape with an average diameter size of 50–60nm. When the ratio of the zein and the anthocyanin was 1:0.5, the results suggested that the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the ZANPs could reach as high as 92.8%, and that scavenging rate for DPPH radicals was increased from 87.1% to 97.2% compared to the non-nanocrystallized anthocyanin extract. Interestingly, treatment under alkaline conditions (pH 9.0), high temperature (90 °C), and a storage time of 7 days could decrease the scavenging capacity of the ZANPs for DPPH radicals, but this scavenging capacity loss for ZANPs was significantly lower than that observed in the non-nanocrystallized anthocyanin, suggesting the higher stability of ZANPs is caused by encapsulation. These results would provide a theoretical basis for the application of the anthocyanin in scavenging free radicals under stress conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/7/1421oxidative stressred-fleshed appleanthocyaninantioxidantnanocrystallization |
| spellingShingle | Xiang Zhang Heqiang Huo Xiaohong Sun Jun Zhu Hongyi Dai Yugang Zhang Nanocrystallization of Anthocyanin Extract from Red-Fleshed Apple ′QN-5′ Improved Its Antioxidant Effect through Enhanced Stability and Activity under Stressful Conditions Molecules oxidative stress red-fleshed apple anthocyanin antioxidant nanocrystallization |
| title | Nanocrystallization of Anthocyanin Extract from Red-Fleshed Apple ′QN-5′ Improved Its Antioxidant Effect through Enhanced Stability and Activity under Stressful Conditions |
| title_full | Nanocrystallization of Anthocyanin Extract from Red-Fleshed Apple ′QN-5′ Improved Its Antioxidant Effect through Enhanced Stability and Activity under Stressful Conditions |
| title_fullStr | Nanocrystallization of Anthocyanin Extract from Red-Fleshed Apple ′QN-5′ Improved Its Antioxidant Effect through Enhanced Stability and Activity under Stressful Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nanocrystallization of Anthocyanin Extract from Red-Fleshed Apple ′QN-5′ Improved Its Antioxidant Effect through Enhanced Stability and Activity under Stressful Conditions |
| title_short | Nanocrystallization of Anthocyanin Extract from Red-Fleshed Apple ′QN-5′ Improved Its Antioxidant Effect through Enhanced Stability and Activity under Stressful Conditions |
| title_sort | nanocrystallization of anthocyanin extract from red fleshed apple qn 5 improved its antioxidant effect through enhanced stability and activity under stressful conditions |
| topic | oxidative stress red-fleshed apple anthocyanin antioxidant nanocrystallization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/7/1421 |
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