Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of acute cardiovascular effects of voluntary apnoea in elite divers
Abstract Background Prolonged breath holding results in hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Compensatory mechanisms help maintain adequate oxygen supply to hypoxia sensitive organs, but burden the cardiovascular system. The aim was to investigate human compensatory mechanisms and their effects on the cardiov...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2018-06-01
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| Series: | Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12968-018-0455-x |
| _version_ | 1797203785218523136 |
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| author | L. Eichhorn J. Doerner J. A. Luetkens J. M. Lunkenheimer R. C. Dolscheid-Pommerich F. Erdfelder R. Fimmers J. Nadal B. Stoffel-Wagner H. H. Schild A. Hoeft B. Zur C. P. Naehle |
| author_facet | L. Eichhorn J. Doerner J. A. Luetkens J. M. Lunkenheimer R. C. Dolscheid-Pommerich F. Erdfelder R. Fimmers J. Nadal B. Stoffel-Wagner H. H. Schild A. Hoeft B. Zur C. P. Naehle |
| author_sort | L. Eichhorn |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Prolonged breath holding results in hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Compensatory mechanisms help maintain adequate oxygen supply to hypoxia sensitive organs, but burden the cardiovascular system. The aim was to investigate human compensatory mechanisms and their effects on the cardiovascular system with regard to cardiac function and morphology, blood flow redistribution, serum biomarkers of the adrenergic system and myocardial injury markers following prolonged apnoea. Methods Seventeen elite apnoea divers performed maximal breath-hold during cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). Two breath-hold sessions were performed to assess (1) cardiac function, myocardial tissue properties and (2) blood flow. In between CMR sessions, a head MRI was performed for the assessment of signs of silent brain ischemia. Urine and blood samples were analysed prior to and up to 4 h after the first breath-hold. Results Mean breath-hold time was 297 ± 52 s. Left ventricular (LV) end-systolic, end-diastolic, and stroke volume increased significantly (p < 0.05). Peripheral oxygen saturation, LV ejection fraction, LV fractional shortening, and heart rate decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Blood distribution was diverted to cerebral regions with no significant changes in the descending aorta. Catecholamine levels, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, and NT-pro-BNP levels increased significantly, but did not reach pathological levels. Conclusion Compensatory effects of prolonged apnoea substantially burden the cardiovascular system. CMR tissue characterisation did not reveal acute myocardial injury, indicating that the resulting cardiovascular stress does not exceed compensatory physiological limits in healthy subjects. However, these compensatory mechanisms could overly tax those limits in subjects with pre-existing cardiac disease. For divers interested in competetive apnoea diving, a comprehensive medical exam with a special focus on the cardiovascular system may be warranted. Trial registration This prospective single-centre study was approved by the institutional ethics committee review board. It was retrospectively registered under ClinicalTrials.gov (Trial registration: NCT02280226. Registered 29 October 2014). |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T08:24:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-78afef6ce57f490d9f94ba5f2b13db7b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1532-429X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T08:24:51Z |
| publishDate | 2018-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance |
| spelling | doaj.art-78afef6ce57f490d9f94ba5f2b13db7b2024-04-16T23:03:28ZengElsevierJournal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance1532-429X2018-06-0120111110.1186/s12968-018-0455-xCardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of acute cardiovascular effects of voluntary apnoea in elite diversL. Eichhorn0J. Doerner1J. A. Luetkens2J. M. Lunkenheimer3R. C. Dolscheid-Pommerich4F. Erdfelder5R. Fimmers6J. Nadal7B. Stoffel-Wagner8H. H. Schild9A. Hoeft10B. Zur11C. P. Naehle12Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of BonnDepartment of Radiology, University Hospital of BonnDepartment of Radiology, University Hospital of BonnDepartment of Radiology, University Hospital of BonnInstitute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE)Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of BonnMedical Biometry, Information Technology and Epidemiology, University of BonnMedical Biometry, Information Technology and Epidemiology, University of BonnInstitute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE)Department of Radiology, University Hospital of BonnDepartment of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of BonnInstitute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE)Department of Radiology, University Hospital of BonnAbstract Background Prolonged breath holding results in hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Compensatory mechanisms help maintain adequate oxygen supply to hypoxia sensitive organs, but burden the cardiovascular system. The aim was to investigate human compensatory mechanisms and their effects on the cardiovascular system with regard to cardiac function and morphology, blood flow redistribution, serum biomarkers of the adrenergic system and myocardial injury markers following prolonged apnoea. Methods Seventeen elite apnoea divers performed maximal breath-hold during cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). Two breath-hold sessions were performed to assess (1) cardiac function, myocardial tissue properties and (2) blood flow. In between CMR sessions, a head MRI was performed for the assessment of signs of silent brain ischemia. Urine and blood samples were analysed prior to and up to 4 h after the first breath-hold. Results Mean breath-hold time was 297 ± 52 s. Left ventricular (LV) end-systolic, end-diastolic, and stroke volume increased significantly (p < 0.05). Peripheral oxygen saturation, LV ejection fraction, LV fractional shortening, and heart rate decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Blood distribution was diverted to cerebral regions with no significant changes in the descending aorta. Catecholamine levels, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, and NT-pro-BNP levels increased significantly, but did not reach pathological levels. Conclusion Compensatory effects of prolonged apnoea substantially burden the cardiovascular system. CMR tissue characterisation did not reveal acute myocardial injury, indicating that the resulting cardiovascular stress does not exceed compensatory physiological limits in healthy subjects. However, these compensatory mechanisms could overly tax those limits in subjects with pre-existing cardiac disease. For divers interested in competetive apnoea diving, a comprehensive medical exam with a special focus on the cardiovascular system may be warranted. Trial registration This prospective single-centre study was approved by the institutional ethics committee review board. It was retrospectively registered under ClinicalTrials.gov (Trial registration: NCT02280226. Registered 29 October 2014).http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12968-018-0455-xHypoxiaApnoeaCardiac functionCMRCatecholaminehs-cT |
| spellingShingle | L. Eichhorn J. Doerner J. A. Luetkens J. M. Lunkenheimer R. C. Dolscheid-Pommerich F. Erdfelder R. Fimmers J. Nadal B. Stoffel-Wagner H. H. Schild A. Hoeft B. Zur C. P. Naehle Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of acute cardiovascular effects of voluntary apnoea in elite divers Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Hypoxia Apnoea Cardiac function CMR Catecholamine hs-cT |
| title | Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of acute cardiovascular effects of voluntary apnoea in elite divers |
| title_full | Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of acute cardiovascular effects of voluntary apnoea in elite divers |
| title_fullStr | Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of acute cardiovascular effects of voluntary apnoea in elite divers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of acute cardiovascular effects of voluntary apnoea in elite divers |
| title_short | Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of acute cardiovascular effects of voluntary apnoea in elite divers |
| title_sort | cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of acute cardiovascular effects of voluntary apnoea in elite divers |
| topic | Hypoxia Apnoea Cardiac function CMR Catecholamine hs-cT |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12968-018-0455-x |
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