Authentication of Argan (<i>Argania spinosa</i> L.) Oil Using Novel DNA-Based Approaches: Detection of Olive and Soybean Oils as Potential Adulterants
Argan oil is a traditional product obtained from the fruits of the argan tree (<i>Argania spinosa</i> L.), which is endemic only to Morocco. It is commercialized worldwide as cosmetic and food-grade argan oil, attaining very high prices in the international market. Therefore, argan oil i...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/16/2498 |
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| author | Joana S. Amaral Fatima Z. Raja Joana Costa Liliana Grazina Caterina Villa Zoubida Charrouf Isabel Mafra |
| author_facet | Joana S. Amaral Fatima Z. Raja Joana Costa Liliana Grazina Caterina Villa Zoubida Charrouf Isabel Mafra |
| author_sort | Joana S. Amaral |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Argan oil is a traditional product obtained from the fruits of the argan tree (<i>Argania spinosa</i> L.), which is endemic only to Morocco. It is commercialized worldwide as cosmetic and food-grade argan oil, attaining very high prices in the international market. Therefore, argan oil is very prone to adulteration with cheaper vegetable oils. The present work aims at developing novel real-time PCR approaches to detect olive and soybean oils as potential adulterants, as well as ascertain the presence of argan oil. The ITS region, <i>matK</i> and <i>lectin</i> genes were the targeted markers, allowing to detect argan, olive and soybean DNA down to 0.01 pg, 0.1 pg and 3.2 pg, respectively, with real-time PCR. Moreover, to propose practical quantitative methods, two calibrant models were developed using the normalized ΔCq method to estimate potential adulterations of argan oil with olive or soybean oils. The results allowed for the detection and quantification of olive and soybean oils within 50–1% and 25–1%, respectively, both in argan oil. Both approaches provided acceptable performance parameters and accurate determinations, as proven by their applicability to blind mixtures. Herein, new qualitative and quantitative PCR assays are proposed for the first time as reliable and high-throughput tools to authenticate and valorize argan oil. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:25:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-78b06a891be54265937c737500c5be93 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:25:54Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-78b06a891be54265937c737500c5be932023-12-03T13:40:43ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582022-08-011116249810.3390/foods11162498Authentication of Argan (<i>Argania spinosa</i> L.) Oil Using Novel DNA-Based Approaches: Detection of Olive and Soybean Oils as Potential AdulterantsJoana S. Amaral0Fatima Z. Raja1Joana Costa2Liliana Grazina3Caterina Villa4Zoubida Charrouf5Isabel Mafra6REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalREQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalREQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalREQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalREQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalFaculty of Science, University Mohammed V, Avenue Ibn Battouta, Rabat 10106, MoroccoREQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalArgan oil is a traditional product obtained from the fruits of the argan tree (<i>Argania spinosa</i> L.), which is endemic only to Morocco. It is commercialized worldwide as cosmetic and food-grade argan oil, attaining very high prices in the international market. Therefore, argan oil is very prone to adulteration with cheaper vegetable oils. The present work aims at developing novel real-time PCR approaches to detect olive and soybean oils as potential adulterants, as well as ascertain the presence of argan oil. The ITS region, <i>matK</i> and <i>lectin</i> genes were the targeted markers, allowing to detect argan, olive and soybean DNA down to 0.01 pg, 0.1 pg and 3.2 pg, respectively, with real-time PCR. Moreover, to propose practical quantitative methods, two calibrant models were developed using the normalized ΔCq method to estimate potential adulterations of argan oil with olive or soybean oils. The results allowed for the detection and quantification of olive and soybean oils within 50–1% and 25–1%, respectively, both in argan oil. Both approaches provided acceptable performance parameters and accurate determinations, as proven by their applicability to blind mixtures. Herein, new qualitative and quantitative PCR assays are proposed for the first time as reliable and high-throughput tools to authenticate and valorize argan oil.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/16/2498argan oilauthenticityadulterant detectionreal-time PCRquantification<i>Olea europaea</i> |
| spellingShingle | Joana S. Amaral Fatima Z. Raja Joana Costa Liliana Grazina Caterina Villa Zoubida Charrouf Isabel Mafra Authentication of Argan (<i>Argania spinosa</i> L.) Oil Using Novel DNA-Based Approaches: Detection of Olive and Soybean Oils as Potential Adulterants Foods argan oil authenticity adulterant detection real-time PCR quantification <i>Olea europaea</i> |
| title | Authentication of Argan (<i>Argania spinosa</i> L.) Oil Using Novel DNA-Based Approaches: Detection of Olive and Soybean Oils as Potential Adulterants |
| title_full | Authentication of Argan (<i>Argania spinosa</i> L.) Oil Using Novel DNA-Based Approaches: Detection of Olive and Soybean Oils as Potential Adulterants |
| title_fullStr | Authentication of Argan (<i>Argania spinosa</i> L.) Oil Using Novel DNA-Based Approaches: Detection of Olive and Soybean Oils as Potential Adulterants |
| title_full_unstemmed | Authentication of Argan (<i>Argania spinosa</i> L.) Oil Using Novel DNA-Based Approaches: Detection of Olive and Soybean Oils as Potential Adulterants |
| title_short | Authentication of Argan (<i>Argania spinosa</i> L.) Oil Using Novel DNA-Based Approaches: Detection of Olive and Soybean Oils as Potential Adulterants |
| title_sort | authentication of argan i argania spinosa i l oil using novel dna based approaches detection of olive and soybean oils as potential adulterants |
| topic | argan oil authenticity adulterant detection real-time PCR quantification <i>Olea europaea</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/16/2498 |
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