Caries risk assessment by Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) Protocol among the general population of Pakistan–a multicenter analytical study
Background Caries risk (CR) assessment tools are used to properly identify individuals with caries risk and to improve preventive procedures and programs. A tool such as CAMBRA determines the precise protective factors of caries and identifies an individual’s specific therapeutic intervention. The p...
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PeerJ Inc.
2024-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://peerj.com/articles/16863.pdf |
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| author | Azhar Iqbal Yasir Dilshad Siddiqui Farooq Ahmad Chaudhary Malik Zain ul Abideen Talib Hussain Bilal Arjumand Mohammed Almuhaiza Mohammed Mustafa Osama Khattak Reham Mohammed Attia Asma Abubaker Rashed Sherif Elsayed Sultan |
| author_facet | Azhar Iqbal Yasir Dilshad Siddiqui Farooq Ahmad Chaudhary Malik Zain ul Abideen Talib Hussain Bilal Arjumand Mohammed Almuhaiza Mohammed Mustafa Osama Khattak Reham Mohammed Attia Asma Abubaker Rashed Sherif Elsayed Sultan |
| author_sort | Azhar Iqbal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background Caries risk (CR) assessment tools are used to properly identify individuals with caries risk and to improve preventive procedures and programs. A tool such as CAMBRA determines the precise protective factors of caries and identifies an individual’s specific therapeutic intervention. The purpose of this study was to assess the caries risk using the CAMBRA protocol among the general population of Pakistan. Methods This multicentre analytical study was conducted in ten dental hospitals in different provinces of Pakistan and the caries risk assessment was carried out using a questionnaire that was designed using the Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) protocol. All 521 participants were intra-orally examined to assess oral hygiene status and the presence of disease. Multiple logistic regression test was performed for analysis. Results A higher number of participants (61.2%) were found to be in the moderate risk category of caries risk assessment. The males are 51% less likely to have caries compared to the females (AOR = 0.49, P = 0.081). The majority of participants (71.3%) had one or more disease indicators, with white spots and visible cavities. Those with visible, heavy plaque were 13.9 times more likely to have caries compared to those without (AOR = 13.92, P < 0.001). Those using calcium and phosphate during the last 6 months were 90% less likely to have caries compared to those not using them (AOR = 0.10, P < 0.001). There was no significant interaction between all eight risk factors retained in the final model (P > 0.05), the Hosmer and Lemeshow Test P < 0.001, classification accuracy = 87.1%, and AUC = 91.2%. Conclusion The caries risk among the general population of Pakistan is moderate, with significant variation among age groups, education levels, and socioeconomic status. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T07:48:55Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2167-8359 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T07:48:55Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-78caa252014f4d5fbad1f9cc6784d5712024-02-02T15:05:46ZengPeerJ Inc.PeerJ2167-83592024-01-0112e1686310.7717/peerj.16863Caries risk assessment by Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) Protocol among the general population of Pakistan–a multicenter analytical studyAzhar Iqbal0Yasir Dilshad Siddiqui1Farooq Ahmad Chaudhary2Malik Zain ul Abideen3Talib Hussain4Bilal Arjumand5Mohammed Almuhaiza6Mohammed Mustafa7Osama Khattak8Reham Mohammed Attia9Asma Abubaker Rashed10Sherif Elsayed Sultan11Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Dentistry, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Dental Education & Research, College of Dentistry, Bakhtawar Amin Medical & Dental College, Multan, PakistanDepartment of Oral Biology, Women Medical & Dental College, Abbottabad, PakistanDepartment of Conservative Dental Sciences and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi ArabiaConservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Zagazig University, Zagazig, EgyptRestorative Dentistry Department, Tanta University, Tanta, EgyptDepartment of Fixed Prosthodontics, Tanta University, Tanta, EgyptBackground Caries risk (CR) assessment tools are used to properly identify individuals with caries risk and to improve preventive procedures and programs. A tool such as CAMBRA determines the precise protective factors of caries and identifies an individual’s specific therapeutic intervention. The purpose of this study was to assess the caries risk using the CAMBRA protocol among the general population of Pakistan. Methods This multicentre analytical study was conducted in ten dental hospitals in different provinces of Pakistan and the caries risk assessment was carried out using a questionnaire that was designed using the Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) protocol. All 521 participants were intra-orally examined to assess oral hygiene status and the presence of disease. Multiple logistic regression test was performed for analysis. Results A higher number of participants (61.2%) were found to be in the moderate risk category of caries risk assessment. The males are 51% less likely to have caries compared to the females (AOR = 0.49, P = 0.081). The majority of participants (71.3%) had one or more disease indicators, with white spots and visible cavities. Those with visible, heavy plaque were 13.9 times more likely to have caries compared to those without (AOR = 13.92, P < 0.001). Those using calcium and phosphate during the last 6 months were 90% less likely to have caries compared to those not using them (AOR = 0.10, P < 0.001). There was no significant interaction between all eight risk factors retained in the final model (P > 0.05), the Hosmer and Lemeshow Test P < 0.001, classification accuracy = 87.1%, and AUC = 91.2%. Conclusion The caries risk among the general population of Pakistan is moderate, with significant variation among age groups, education levels, and socioeconomic status.https://peerj.com/articles/16863.pdfCaries riskCAMBRACaries indicatorsProtective factorsCaries prevention |
| spellingShingle | Azhar Iqbal Yasir Dilshad Siddiqui Farooq Ahmad Chaudhary Malik Zain ul Abideen Talib Hussain Bilal Arjumand Mohammed Almuhaiza Mohammed Mustafa Osama Khattak Reham Mohammed Attia Asma Abubaker Rashed Sherif Elsayed Sultan Caries risk assessment by Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) Protocol among the general population of Pakistan–a multicenter analytical study PeerJ Caries risk CAMBRA Caries indicators Protective factors Caries prevention |
| title | Caries risk assessment by Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) Protocol among the general population of Pakistan–a multicenter analytical study |
| title_full | Caries risk assessment by Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) Protocol among the general population of Pakistan–a multicenter analytical study |
| title_fullStr | Caries risk assessment by Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) Protocol among the general population of Pakistan–a multicenter analytical study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Caries risk assessment by Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) Protocol among the general population of Pakistan–a multicenter analytical study |
| title_short | Caries risk assessment by Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) Protocol among the general population of Pakistan–a multicenter analytical study |
| title_sort | caries risk assessment by caries management by risk assessment cambra protocol among the general population of pakistan a multicenter analytical study |
| topic | Caries risk CAMBRA Caries indicators Protective factors Caries prevention |
| url | https://peerj.com/articles/16863.pdf |
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