Cellular Immuno-Profile in Septic Human Host: A Scoping Review
Innate and adaptive immune system cells play a critical role in the host response to sepsis. Sepsis is a life-threatening disease characterized by apoptosis-induced depletion of immune cells and immunodepression, which contribute to morbidity and mortality. Many alterations in the expression of surf...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-11-01
|
| Series: | Biology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/11/1626 |
| _version_ | 1797469065496756224 |
|---|---|
| author | Christian Zanza Giorgia Caputo Gilda Tornatore Tatsiana Romenskaya Andrea Piccioni Francesco Franceschi Marco Artico Samanta Taurone Gabriele Savioli Yaroslava Longhitano |
| author_facet | Christian Zanza Giorgia Caputo Gilda Tornatore Tatsiana Romenskaya Andrea Piccioni Francesco Franceschi Marco Artico Samanta Taurone Gabriele Savioli Yaroslava Longhitano |
| author_sort | Christian Zanza |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Innate and adaptive immune system cells play a critical role in the host response to sepsis. Sepsis is a life-threatening disease characterized by apoptosis-induced depletion of immune cells and immunodepression, which contribute to morbidity and mortality. Many alterations in the expression of surface markers of neutrophils and monocytes have been described in septic patients. The aim of this study was to inspect the recently published literature to inform the clinician about the most up-to-date techniques for the study of circulating leukocytes. The impact on cell phenotypes and on the function of leukocytes of extracorporeal and non-blood purification treatments proposed for sepsis were also analyzed. We conducted a systematic review using Pubmed/Medline, Ovid/Willey, the Cochrane Library, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and EMBASE, combining key terms related to immunological function in sepsis and selected the most relevant clinical trials and review articles (excluding case reports) published in the last 50 years. The most important alteration in neutrophils during sepsis is that they activate an anti-apoptotic survival program. In septic monocytes, a reduced characteristic expression of HLA-DR is observed, but their role does not seem to be significantly altered in sepsis. As regards adaptive immunity, sepsis leads to lymphopenia and immunosuppression in patients with septic shock; this process involves all types of T cells (CD4, CD8 and Natural Killer), except for regulatory T cells, which retain their function. Several promising therapies that target the host immune response are currently under evaluation. During the worldwide pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, it was useful to study the “cytokine storm” to find additional treatments, such as the oXiris<sup>®</sup> filter. This therapy can decrease the concentration of inflammatory markers that affect the severity of the disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:15:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-78ddeeae64a54b9a86ded05ecd48d32b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:15:14Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-78ddeeae64a54b9a86ded05ecd48d32b2023-11-24T03:48:30ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372022-11-011111162610.3390/biology11111626Cellular Immuno-Profile in Septic Human Host: A Scoping ReviewChristian Zanza0Giorgia Caputo1Gilda Tornatore2Tatsiana Romenskaya3Andrea Piccioni4Francesco Franceschi5Marco Artico6Samanta Taurone7Gabriele Savioli8Yaroslava Longhitano9Foundation “Ospedale Alba e Bra”, Department of Emergency Medicine, Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Michele and Pietro Ferrero Hospital, 12060 Verduno, ItalyDepartment of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, St. Antonio and Biagio Hospital, 15121 Alessandria, ItalyDepartment of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, St. Antonio and Biagio Hospital, 15121 Alessandria, ItalyDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Policlinico Gemelli-RCCS-Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Policlinico Gemelli-RCCS-Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Sensory Organs, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Movement, Human and Health Sciences—Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Polyclinic IRCCS S. Matteo, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, ItalyFoundation “Ospedale Alba e Bra”, Department of Emergency Medicine, Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Michele and Pietro Ferrero Hospital, 12060 Verduno, ItalyInnate and adaptive immune system cells play a critical role in the host response to sepsis. Sepsis is a life-threatening disease characterized by apoptosis-induced depletion of immune cells and immunodepression, which contribute to morbidity and mortality. Many alterations in the expression of surface markers of neutrophils and monocytes have been described in septic patients. The aim of this study was to inspect the recently published literature to inform the clinician about the most up-to-date techniques for the study of circulating leukocytes. The impact on cell phenotypes and on the function of leukocytes of extracorporeal and non-blood purification treatments proposed for sepsis were also analyzed. We conducted a systematic review using Pubmed/Medline, Ovid/Willey, the Cochrane Library, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and EMBASE, combining key terms related to immunological function in sepsis and selected the most relevant clinical trials and review articles (excluding case reports) published in the last 50 years. The most important alteration in neutrophils during sepsis is that they activate an anti-apoptotic survival program. In septic monocytes, a reduced characteristic expression of HLA-DR is observed, but their role does not seem to be significantly altered in sepsis. As regards adaptive immunity, sepsis leads to lymphopenia and immunosuppression in patients with septic shock; this process involves all types of T cells (CD4, CD8 and Natural Killer), except for regulatory T cells, which retain their function. Several promising therapies that target the host immune response are currently under evaluation. During the worldwide pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, it was useful to study the “cytokine storm” to find additional treatments, such as the oXiris<sup>®</sup> filter. This therapy can decrease the concentration of inflammatory markers that affect the severity of the disease.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/11/1626blood purificationflow cytometryimmune cellsinflammationlymphocytesmonocytes |
| spellingShingle | Christian Zanza Giorgia Caputo Gilda Tornatore Tatsiana Romenskaya Andrea Piccioni Francesco Franceschi Marco Artico Samanta Taurone Gabriele Savioli Yaroslava Longhitano Cellular Immuno-Profile in Septic Human Host: A Scoping Review Biology blood purification flow cytometry immune cells inflammation lymphocytes monocytes |
| title | Cellular Immuno-Profile in Septic Human Host: A Scoping Review |
| title_full | Cellular Immuno-Profile in Septic Human Host: A Scoping Review |
| title_fullStr | Cellular Immuno-Profile in Septic Human Host: A Scoping Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cellular Immuno-Profile in Septic Human Host: A Scoping Review |
| title_short | Cellular Immuno-Profile in Septic Human Host: A Scoping Review |
| title_sort | cellular immuno profile in septic human host a scoping review |
| topic | blood purification flow cytometry immune cells inflammation lymphocytes monocytes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/11/1626 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT christianzanza cellularimmunoprofileinseptichumanhostascopingreview AT giorgiacaputo cellularimmunoprofileinseptichumanhostascopingreview AT gildatornatore cellularimmunoprofileinseptichumanhostascopingreview AT tatsianaromenskaya cellularimmunoprofileinseptichumanhostascopingreview AT andreapiccioni cellularimmunoprofileinseptichumanhostascopingreview AT francescofranceschi cellularimmunoprofileinseptichumanhostascopingreview AT marcoartico cellularimmunoprofileinseptichumanhostascopingreview AT samantataurone cellularimmunoprofileinseptichumanhostascopingreview AT gabrielesavioli cellularimmunoprofileinseptichumanhostascopingreview AT yaroslavalonghitano cellularimmunoprofileinseptichumanhostascopingreview |